| 单词 | 一个句子 |
| 释义 | 〔need〕Note also that the use ofneed as an auxiliary is often accompanied by a presupposition that the activity in question has in fact been performed.The boys needn't have spoken frankly implies that they did in fact speak frankly, whereas the sentenceThe boys did not need to speak frankly does not; only the latter could be followed by a clauselikethey conveyed their meanings by indirection. 还需注意need 用作助动词时经常伴随一个先决条件， 质问的动作事实上已经完成了。那些男孩们本来不需要坦诚相告的 意味着他们事实上已经坦率地说了， 然而这个句子男孩们不需要坦诚地说话 就没有这个意思； 只有后者可以在其后跟这样一个句子，如他们间接地表达他们的意思 〔together〕Together with, like in addition to, is often employed following the subject of a sentence or clause to introduce an addition.The addition, however, does not alter the number of the verb,which is governed by the subject: Togther with 象 in addition to 一样， 使用时经常跟在一个句子或从句后面以引入一个附加成份。但是这个附加成分不改变动词的单复数，动词的单复数还是由主语决定： 〔which〕The antecedent ofwhich can sometimes be a sentence or clause, as opposed to a noun phrase,as inShe ignored him, which proved to be unwise. They swept the council elections,which could never have happened under the old rules. Such examples are unexceptionable,but care should be taken that this usage does not cause ambiguities.The sentenceIt emerged that Edna made the complaint, which surprised everybody may mean either that the complaint was surprising or that it was surprising that Edna made it. The ambiguity can be avoided with paraphrases such asIt emerged that Edna made the complaint, a revelation that surprised everybody. ? In its use to refer to the contents of sentences and clauses,which should be used only when it is preceded by its antecedent. When the antecedent follows,what should be used, particularly in formal style: Still, he has not said he will withdraw, which is more surprising but Still, what (not which ) is more surprising, he has not said he will withdraw. See Usage Note at that ,what ,whose which 的先行词有时可为一个句子或一个从句， 与名词短语相对立，如在句子她忽视了他，结果证明这是不明智的。 他们在委员会选举中一举获胜，这在旧体制下是永远不会发生的。 这样的例子是无懈可击的，但应该小心谨慎以使这种用法不致于引起模棱两可。句子It emerged that Edna made the complaint, which surprised everybody（埃德娜发出了使每个人都很吃惊的怨言） 既可以指怨气让人吃惊也可以指抱怨的是埃德娜而让人吃惊。 用例如It emerged that Edna made the complaint, a revelation that surprised everybody.（埃德娜大加抱怨，这发现让大家都很吃惊） 这样的句子就可以避免模棱两可。 在它被用来指句子或从句内容时，which 只用在先行词在其前面时。 当先行词跟在后面时，就应该用what ，特别是在正式文体中： Still, he has not said he will withdraw, which is more surprising（他依然还是没说他将退出，这更让人吃惊） 但另外一种形式 Still, what （不用 which ) is more surprising, he has not said he will withdraw.（然而，更让人吃惊的是他还是没说他将退出） 参见 that,what,whose〔too〕In these casesnot too adds a note of ironic understatement. · Negation oftoo by can't may sometimes lead to ambiguities, as inYou can't check your child's temperature too often, which may mean either that the temperature should be checked only occasionally or that it should be checked as frequently as possible. ·Too meaning "in addition" or "also" is sometimes used to introduce a sentence: 在这些情况下，not too 给句子加上了一个带讽刺意味的语气。 too 与 can't 一起用作否定时，有时会产生歧义， 例如在You can't check your child's temperature too often 这句话中， 可能意为“你只能偶尔给你孩子量量体温”或“你应该经常给你孩子量体温”。too 意为“另外”或“也，又”时， 有时可以用来引导一个句子： 〔case〕A pattern of inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives to express different syntactic functions in a sentence.词形变化形式：名词、代词和形容词在一个句子中表示不同的句法功能的词形屈折变化的形式〔one〕When constructions headed byone appear as the subject of a sentence or relative clause, there may be a question as to whether the verb should be singular or plural.Such a construction is exemplified in the sentenceOne of every ten rotors was found defective. Although the pluralwere is sometimes used in such sentences, an earlier survey found that the singular was preferred by a large majority of the Usage Panel. ·Another problem is raised by constructions such asone of those people who or its variants. In the sentenceThe defeat turned out to be one of the most costly blows that were ever inflicted on our forces, most grammarians would hold that the pluralwere is correct, in as much as the subject of the verb is the plural nounblows. However, constructions of this sort are often used with a singular verb even by the best writers.Note also that when the phrase containingone is introduced by the definite article, the verb in the relative clause must be singular: 当以one 开头的结构作为一个句子或关系从句的主语出现时， 就出现动词用单数还是复数的问题，如用在句子每十个转子中有一个为次品 中的这种结构。 虽然复数were 有时用在这种句子中， 但在一次早期的调查发现用法专题使用小组的大部分成员更倾向于用单数。另一个问题是由象one of those people who 这样的结构及其变化引起的。 在句子The defeat turned out to be one of the most costly blows that were ever inflicted on our forces, 中, 大多数语法学家主张用复数were 是正确的， 以及主要是由于动词的主语是复数名词blow 所致。 然而，这种结构常与单数动词连用，甚至被很有声望的作家采用。也要注意当包含one 的短语被定冠词限制时， 相关的从句中的动词一定要用单数： 〔rhythm〕end a sentence with a cadence) and to balanced rhythmic flow,as in poetry (the cadence of the sea ). 以降低的声音结束一个句子) 及平衡的韵律流，如在诗中(海的韵律 ) 〔expletive〕Added or inserted in order to fill out something, such as a sentence or a metrical line.附加的：附加的或插入的，为了充实诸如一个句子或诗句等东西〔object〕A noun or substantive that receives or is affected by the action of a verb within a sentence.宾语：一个句子中接受动词的动作或受之影响的名词或名词性词组〔expletive〕A word or phrase that does not contribute any meaning but is added only to fill out a sentence or a metrical line.多余的词语：加上后仅凑足一个句子或诗的一行而不增添任何意义的一个词语或短语〔every〕Every is representative of a large class of English words and expressions that are singular in formbut felt to be plural in sense.The class includes, for example, noun phrases introduced byevery, any, and certain uses of some. These expressions invariably take a singular verb;we say Every car has (not have ) been tested. Anyone is (not are ) liable to fall ill. But when a sentence contains a pronoun whose antecedent is introduced byevery, grammar and sense pull in different directions.The grammar of these expressions requires a singular pronoun, as in Every car must have its brakes tested, but people persist in using the plural pronoun,as in Every car must have their brakes tested. Although the latter pattern is common in the speech of all groups,it is still widely regarded as grammatically incorrect in writing. ·The effort to adhere to the grammatical rule leads to various complications, however.The first is grammatical.When a pronoun refers to a phrase containingevery or any that falls within a different independent clause, the pronoun cannot be singular.Thus it is simply not English to sayEvery man left; he took his raincoat with him. Nor can one sayNo one could be seen, could he? Writers unwilling to use plural forms in these examples must find another way of expressing their meaning,either by rephrasing the sentence so as to get the pronoun into the same clause (as inEvery man left, taking his raincoat with him ) or by substituting another word forevery or any (as in All the men left; they took their raincoats with them. ) · The second complication is political.When a phrase introduced byevery or any refers to a group containing both men and women, what shall be the gender of the singular pronoun?This matter is discussed in the Usage Note athe. See Usage Note at all ,any ,each ,either ,he 1neither ,none Every 是一大类英语单词和短语的代表， 它们在形式上是单数的，但在意义上感觉起来却是复数。例如，这一类词中所包括的由every，any 和某些用法中的 some 所引导的名词短语。 这些短语毫无例外的跟单数动词，我们说每辆车都已 （不是 have ） 被测试过。 每个人都（不是 are ） 会生病 。 但是当一个句子中包括一个由先行词every 引导的代词时， 从句法和意义上就要区分不同的情况了。象每一辆车必须测试它的制动器 这样的表达法在语法上要求使用一单数代词， 但人们总习惯于用复数代词，象Every car must have their brakes tested 这样。 虽然后面这种形式在各种团体的讲话中非常普遍，但它在写作中仍广泛地被认为是语法上的错误。无论如何，坚持语法规则的努力总会导致各种各样的复杂问题。首先是语法上的复杂性。当一个代词指代一个短语，而这个短语中包括every 或 any 属于另一个与此代词所在子句不同的独立子句中时， 这个代词不能用单数形式。因此很容易理解英国人为何不说每个人离开时，都拿着各自的雨衣 ， 也不说没有人会被看到，不是吗？ 。 不愿意在这些例子中用复数形式的书写者必须找到另外一种表达他们意思的方法，或者可以通过重新改变句子的说法以使代词与其指代的短语同属一个从句中（如Every man left， taking his raincoat with him ）， 或者通过以另一个词代替every 或 any 的方法（如 All the man left；they took their raincoats with them ）。 第二是政治上的复杂性。当一个被every 或 any 引导的短语指代的一个团体中既有男人又有女人时， 单数代词的词性怎么确定呢？这个问题在单词he的用法说明中将被讨论 参见 all,any,each,either,he1neither,none〔anxious〕Anxious has a long history of use roughly as a synonym for eager, but many would prefer that the distinction between the two words be maintained and thatanxious be used only when its subject is worried or uneasy about the anticipated event. In the traditional view, one may sayWe are anxious to see the strike settled soon but notWe are anxious to see the new show of British sculpture at the museum. Fifty-two percent of the Usage Panel rejectsanxious in the latter sentence. But general adoption ofanxious to mean "eager" is understandable, at least in colloquial discourse,since it provides a means of adding emotional urgency to an assertion,in its implication that the subject's desire for a certain outcome is so strong that frustration of that desire will lead to unhappiness.Note, in this connection, the analogous use of sentences such asI'm dying to see your new baby in informal style. Anxious 在很长一段时间以来，一直大致作为 eager 的同义词来用， 但很多人喜欢保留这两个词之间的区别，即只有当主体对预测事件忧虑不安时才用anxious 。 在传统观点看来，可以说我们渴望看到罢工问题很快解决 ， 但不能说我们渴望在博物馆里见到新的英国雕塑展览。 52%的用法使用小组成员反对anxious 在后一个句子中的用法。 但通常用anxious 来表示"eager"是可以理解的， 至少在口语中是这样，既然它加强了某一主张在感情上的迫切性，它隐喻的一层意思就是，主体对某一特定结果的愿望是如此强烈，以至于这种欲望受挫就会导致不愉快。注意与此有关的类似句子如我很渴望见到你们新出生的孩子 也是非正式的 〔case〕The syntactic relationship of a noun, a pronoun or a determiner to the other words of a sentence, indicated by declensional endings, by the position of the words within the sentence, by prepositions, or by postpositions.格：一个名词、代词或一个限定词与一个句子中其它词的句法关系，通过词尾变化、这些词在句子中的位置、介词或者后置词表示出来 |
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