单词 | 一个字 |
释义 | 〔pictograph〕A picture representing a word or idea; a hieroglyph.象形文字:代表一个字或意义的图画;象形符号〔exocentric〕Of or relating to a group of syntactically related words, none of which is functionally equivalent to the function of the whole group. For example, none of the words in the phraseon the table is an adverb, yet they combine to form a phrase having adverbial function. 外向结构的,离心结构的:一群在语句构造上有关的字的或是与其相关的,其中的每一个字在功能上皆与该群文字整体的功能不相同,举例而言,on the table 词组中的文字都不是副词,可是它们所组合起来的词组却有副词的功能 〔miswrite〕miswrite a word; miswrite a historical account.写错一个字;年代顺序叙述有误〔spell〕To name or write in order the letters constituting (a word or part of a word).拼写:依次说出或写出组成(一个字或字的一部分)的字母〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词,其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人,或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”,大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意; 中古英语中肯定是贬意,其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人,粗野的人”,相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面,Surly 开始是个高尚的字,后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例,我们可以看到,surly 的拼法只有一个, 另一个是sirly ,它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir (给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称)。 因此,sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中,开始的意思为(有威严的,高傲的)。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中, 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”,以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思, 也正是在这层意义上,它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔contrary〕Even threats of indictment didn't loosen the tongue of the balky witness.即使威胁要控告他也不能使这一不肯合作的证人说出一个字来。〔initialism〕An abbreviation consisting of the first letter or letters of words in a phrase (for example,IRS for Internal Revenue Service ), syllables or components of a word ( TNT for trinitrotoluene ), or a combination of words and syllables ( ESP for extrasensory perception ) and pronounced by spelling out the letters one by one rather than as a solid word. 起首字母:包含句子中每一个字的第一个或是几个字母的缩写(例如IRS 指的是 Internal Revenue Service“内部收益服务” )、某个字的数个音节或是其组成分子( TNT 指的是 trinitrotoluene“强烈炸药” )、或是数个字或数个音节的合并( ESP 指的是 extrasensory perception“超感觉的知觉” ),并且会将一个字的组成字母一个接着一个以其拼法发音而非发出整体一个字的音 〔melioration〕The linguistic process by which a word over a period of time grows more elevated in meaning or more positive in connotation.改良:在一段时期里一个字的语义逐渐提高及内涵更明确的语言学过程〔possum〕Since English is a language that stresses some syllables and not others, weakly stressed syllables,especially those preceding strong stresses, are dropped at times.This process, called aphesis when it occurs at the beginning of a word,is more common in regional American dialects than in the more conservative Standard English,which tends to retain in pronunciation anything reflected in spelling.Although many American dialects feature aphesis,it is most famous in the dialects of the South,where it yields pronunciationssuch ascount of for (on) account of, tater for potato, possum for opossum, and skeeter for mosquito. 由于英语是一种强调某些音节而不强调另一些音节的语言,所以弱音音节,特别是那些在重音音节之前的弱音音节就常常被省掉了。这个过程,如发生于一个字的开头就叫做词首非重读短元音省略。这种现象在美国地方方言中比在更为保守的标准英语中要常见得多,因为标准英语趋向于将拼写中的每一个字母都在发音中加以保存。虽然许多美国方言具有词首非重读短元音省略的特征,但这一现象在南方的方言中最为显著,并产生了许多新发音,如(on) account of 被读成 count of,potato 被读成 tater,opossum 被读成 possum 以及 mosquito 则被读成 skeeter 〔igg〕Igg, a shortened form of ignore, seems to have come into American speech from jive, the special jargon of Black jazz musicians in the 1930's. Its use has spread from the musicians' exclusive jargon into the Black communities of Northern U.S. cities. The reduction of a word to its initial syllable is a common source of slang or informal words, especially among groups of speakers who for reasons of exclusivity like to remain avant garde in their speech. Often such words come into general use, as in mike for microphone. Igg 一词作为 ignore 一词的简略语,可能是从20世纪30年代黑人爵士乐乐师的专业术语中进入美国语言的。该词从乐师独有的术语传入美国北部城市的黑人聚居区。将一个字缩短到它开头的几个字母是俚语和非正式用语的一个主要来源,有些语言圈的人为保持其独特性而尽量在语言上保持特殊,他们就常用这种方法。这种词语在生活中 经常使用,就象用 mike 代表 microphone 这个词 〔scratch〕To strike out or cancel (a word, for example) by or as if by drawing lines through.勾划掉:通过划线或类似方法去掉或者废除(例如一个字)〔serial〕Of or relating to the sequential transmission of all the bits of a byte over one wire:串行的:属于或关于一个字节的所有位通过一条线而顺序传送的:〔unlettered〕unlettered poster board.上面还没有写上一个字的广告板〔dare〕If you dare breathe a word about it I'll never speak to you again. 如果你敢说出去一个字,就再不和你说话。 〔breathe〕Don't breathe a word of this.一个字儿也别说〔modification〕A phonological change undergone by a word or morpheme when it is used in a construction, as the change ofwill to 'll in they'll. 变异:一个字词或语素当被用在一个结构中,如在they'll 中,由 will 变成 'll 时发生的语音变化 〔spell〕Middle English spellen [to read letter by letter] 中古英语 spellen [一个字一个字地读] |
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