| 单词 | 一个行动 |
| 释义 | 〔piece〕A share of an activity or of profits:一份：一个行动或收益应分得的一份：〔delay〕To act or move slowly; put off an action or a decision.延缓，延期：行动慢；推迟一个行动或一项决定〔circumstance〕A condition or fact that determines or must be considered in the determining of a course of action.事实，情况：决定一个行动方案过程时必须考虑的条件或事实〔mean〕means (used with a sing. or pl. verb)A method, a course of action, or an instrument by which an act can be accomplished or an end achieved. means （与单数或复数动词连用）方法，手段：用于完成一个行动或取得一个结果的方法、手段或工具〔suppress〕"There is the world of ideas and the world of practice;the French are often for suppressing the one and the English the other;but neither is to be suppressed" (Matthew Arnold).Tostifle is to keep back something, such as an impulse or an emotion, as if by smothering it: “存在着一个思想的世界和一个行动的世界；法国人通常赞成压制前一个世界，而英国人则赞成压制后一个；但是两者都不会被压制住的” （马修·阿诺德）。Stifle 就是好像闷熄般抑制住某物，如冲动或情感： 〔start〕To begin an activity or a movement; set out.开始行动：开始一个活动成一个行动；出发〔follow〕To carry an act, a project, or an intention to completion; pursue fully:坚持到底：贯彻一个行动、项目或完成某项意图；全力追求：〔target〕One to be influenced or changed by an action or event.受影响的人：将被一个行动或事件影响或改变的人或事物〔origin〕 Inception is the beginning,as of an action or process: Inception 意指开始，比如一个行动或过程： 〔point〕To consider or treat (an action or activity) as indispensable:特别注意，重视：把（一个行动或活动）视为或作为不可缺少的部分：〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔altogether〕Altogether should be distinguished from all together. All together is used of a group to indicate that its members performed or underwent an action collectively: Altogether 应该和 alltogether区别开来。 Alltogether用来指一群人，其成员集体进行或经历一个行动： |
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