| 单词 | 一度 |
| 释义 | 〔coroner〕Coroner comes from Anglo-Norman corouner, a word derived fromcoroune, "crown.” Corouner was the term used for the royal judicial officer who was called in Latin custos placitorum coronae, or "guardian of the crown's pleas.” The person holding the office of coroner, a position dating from the 12th century, was charged with keeping local records of legal proceedings in which the crown had jurisdiction.He helped raise money for the crown by funneling the property of executed criminals into the king's treasury.The coroner also investigated any suspicious deaths among the Normans,who as the ruling class wanted to be sure that their deaths were not taken lightly. At one time in England all criminal proceedings were included in the coroner's responsibilities.Over the years these responsibilities decreased markedly,but coroners have continued to display morbid curiosity.In the United States, where there is no longer the crown, a coroner's main duty is the investigation of any sudden, violent, or unexpected death that may not have had a natural cause.Coroner 一词来源于盎格鲁-诺曼底语中的 corouner ， 是从coroune “王冠”变来的。 Corouner 是皇家司法官，在拉丁语叫 custos placitorum coronae 或“国王请求的保护者。” 起源于12世纪的这一职位，当时负责记录当地的国王具有裁判权的法律程序。持这一职位者通过收集死刑犯的财产入国库来为国王聚殓钱财。他也负责调查诺曼底人中任何可疑的死亡。因诺曼底人是统治阶级，他们希望确知他们的死没有被轻看。在英国曾由验尸官一度负责罪犯的全部事务。随着时间推移。这些责任明显减少，但仍继续显示对死亡的调查的兴趣。在美国，已不再有国王，验尸官的主要任务是调查任何突发的、剧烈的或预料不到的，大概无自然原因的死亡〔resegregation〕Renewal of segregation, as in a school system, after a period of desegregation.对…重新实行种族隔离：在种族隔离制度一度取消后重新实行的种族隔离，如在学校系统中〔dress〕A dress is such a common article of modern attirethat it is difficult to imagine that the worddress at one time did not refer to such a thing. The earliest sense ofdress, recorded in a work written before 1450, was "speech, talk.” The relationship of our modern sense to this early sense is explained by the factthat the noundress comes from the verb dress, which goes back through Old Frenchdrecier, "to arrange,” and the assumed Vulgar Latindīrectiāre to Latin dīrectus, a form of the verbdīrigere, "to direct.” In accordance with its etymology the verbdress has meant or still means "to place,” "to arrange,” and "to put in order.” The sense "to clothe" is related to the notion of putting in order,specifically in regard to clothing.This verb sense then gave rise to the noun sense "personal attire"as well as to the important garment sense, which has made the fortune of many a fashion designer.The earliest noun sense,"speech,” comes from a verb sense having to do with addressing or directing words to other people.衣服是现代服饰中相当普通的物件，很难想象dress 一词一度并不指衣服。 根据写于1450年以前的一本书记载dress 的最早含义是“说话，谈话。” 我们的现代含义与这一早期含义的关系可由以下事实解释：名词dress 来源于动词 dress ， 动词dress又可追溯到古法语drecier， “安排”， 与假定的拉丁俗语directiaer 乃至拉丁语 directus， 该拉丁词是动词dirigere “引导”的一种形式。 按照其词源动词dress 曾经并仍意为“放置”，“安排”与“使有序”。 “着衣”一义与使有序的意思有关，特别是有关衣物时，该动词意义又产生了名词意义“个人服饰”，以及使许多服装设计师大发其财的正式礼服的意义。最早的名词含义，“说话”来自于有关与其它人说话的动词意义〔mastiff〕The mastiff, which was at one time used in bullbaiting and bearbaiting as well as in dogfights,is ultimately named not for its fierceness but for its tameness.To find this tamenesswe must look back to the ultimate source ofmastiff in the Latin word mānsuētus, "tame, domesticated,” itself derived from the past participle ofmanusuēscere, "to tame,” made up of the rootman- found in the wordmanus, "hand,” and the verb suēscere, "to become accustomed to.” Tame beasts are accustomed to the hand.To explain howmansuēscere became mastiff, we must follow it through its Vulgar Latin development,.mansuētīnus, "domesticated,” and the later Old French development, mastin, "mastiff.” While being borrowed into English,mastin was probably blended with the Old French word mestif, "mongrel,” and was possibly influenced by the Medieval Latin wordmastīvus, "mastiff,” probably itself an error formastīnus, which came from the same Vulgar Latin source as the Old French word. Mastiff is first recorded in Middle English (as mastif ) in a work written before 1387. 曾经一度被用于纵狗斗牛、纵狗斗熊以及斗狗的大驯犬，最终并不是因为它的凶狠而是因为它的驯顺命名。要找到这种驯顺，我们必须回溯到mastiff 的最终拉丁语词源 mansuetus 意为“驯服，驯养”， 该词本身源于manusuescere “驯养”的过去分词， 由man- 构成， 始于manus （意为“手”）和动词 suesere “适应，习惯于”。 被驯养的野兽习惯于驯养者的手。要知道mansuecere 如何成 mastiff ， 我们必须紧跟它在俗拉丁语中的发展，mansuetinus （“驯服的”）以及后来古法语的发展 mastin “猛犬”。 当mastin 一词借用到英语中时，它可能和古法语词 mestif （“杂种狗”）相混合， 还可能受中世纪拉丁语词mastivus （“大驯犬”）的影响， 但也许这个词本身就是同样作为古法语词来源于俗拉丁语的mastinus 的误写。 Mastiff 在1387年的一部作品中首次出现在中世纪英语里（当时写作 mastif ） 〔vogue〕Hoop skirts were once the vogue.圈环裙一度曾是时尚〔Edinburgh〕The capital of Scotland, in the eastern part of the country on the Firth of Forth. Once known as "Auld Reekie" for the thick clouds of smoke that hung over its low-lying areas, the picturesque city is a brewing center, a popular tourist attraction, and the site of an annual international festival of the arts. Population, 446,361.爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，位于苏格兰东部的福斯湾畔。由于海拔较低，常有浓厚的烟雾笼罩其上，而一度被称为“美丽的烟雾之城”，这座美丽如画的城市是一个酿酒中心和旅游胜地，每年一度的国际艺术节在此召开。人口446,361〔Reno〕A city of western Nevada near the California border. Developed after the coming of the Union Pacific Railroad in 1868, it is a famous resort that was once noted primarily as a divorce center. Population, 133,850.里诺：美国内华达州西部一城市，临近加利福尼亚州边界。自1868年联合太平洋铁路通过之后发展起来，是一个著名的旅游胜地，一度主要因作为一个离婚中心而闻名。人口133,850〔charlatan〕inhabitant of Cerreto [a city of Italy once famous for its quacks] 塞利托 [意大利一城市，一度以其江湖医生而闻名] 〔Chavin〕An early pre-Incan civilization that flourished in northern and central Peru from about 900 to 200b.c., known for its carved stone sculptures and boldly designed ceramics. 查文文化：印加文明之前于今日秘鲁中北部一度兴盛的早期文明（公元前 900年200年），以其石雕像及大胆设计风格的陶器闻名 〔carcass〕the carcass of a once glorious empire.一度显赫的帝国遗骸〔cyanobacterium〕A photosynthetic bacterium of the class Coccogoneae or Hormogoneae, generally blue-green in color and in some species capable of nitrogen fixation. Cyanobacteria were once thought to be algae. Also called blue-green alga 藻氰菌：一种球菌目或连锁藻目的光合细菌，一般为青绿色，而且有些种类可以固氮。氰细菌一度被认为是海藻 也作 blue-green alga〔hectic〕In the Usage Panel survey done for the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary (1969), 92 percent of the Panel approved of the use ofhectic in its most familiar sense, "characterized by feverish activity, confusion, or haste.”The question was put to the Panelbecause in earlier usage that sense was sometimes deprecated as a loose extension of the term's meaning in medicine.Unless one has some medical knowledgeone probably does not know the older medical uses of the term,for example, "relating to an undulating fever, such as those accompanying tuberculosis,”and unless one has some acquaintance with Middle Englishone would not recognize the first recorded instance of the word,etik, in a text written before 1398. The Middle English term comes from the Old French development of the Late Latin wordhecticus, whose form helped reshape our word in the 16th century.Late Latinhecticus in turn comes from Greek hektikos, "formed by habit or forming habit" and "consumptive,” developing the last sense because of the chronic nature of tuberculous fevers.Thus a word that once simply meant "habitual"eventually had an English descendant used to refer to circumstances that would be undesirable if they were habitual.在针对美国经典辞书 （1969年）第一版对用法专题使用小组的调查中， 92%的成员赞成hectic 一词最常用的意思， “以紧张的活动、忙乱或慌忙为特征的”。之所以要向这些成员提这个问题，是因为作为该词医学含义的模糊延伸，这个意义有时不为人们所接受。除非某人有医学方面的知识，否则他就很可能不知道这个词在医学方面的古老用法，比如“和起伏不定的热病有关的，如肺结核的伴随症”。另外，除非某人对中古英语有一度程度的了解，否则他也认不出1398年以前的一个文本中该词的首例etik 。 这个中古英语单词是由古法语经后期拉丁语hecticus 一词的发展而来的， 其形式在16世纪帮助重新形成了这个单词。而后期拉丁语中的这个词hecticus 又是由希腊语中的 hektikos 一词而来，这个词在希腊语中意指“由习惯形成的或形成习惯的”及“患肺痨的，肺痨的”， 之所以得到最后的意思，是出于肺痨病的特性。这样一来，原来只是表示“习惯性的”这个词，传到英语中最后竟变成了指一旦成为习惯则不被人所喜爱的情形〔quondam〕That once was; former:一度曾是的；昔日的：〔minute〕A unit of angular measurement equal to one sixtieth of a degree, or 60 seconds. Also called minute of arc 分：角的度量单位，等于一度的六十分之一，或60秒 也作 minute of arc〔Leningrad〕A city of northwest European U.S.S.R. on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland. Founded by Peter the Great in 1703 as St. Petersburg, it soon flourished as his "window on Europe" and became the capital of Russia in 1712. Noted for its fine architecture and cultural achievements, the city was called Petrograd from 1914 to 1924. Moscow replaced it as capital in 1918. Population, 4,329,000.列宁格勒，圣彼得堡：苏联西北欧部分一城市，位于涅瓦河沿岸，芬兰湾的顶端。1703年由彼得大帝创建，被命名为圣彼得堡，很快就作为“欧洲之窗”繁荣起来，1712年成为俄国的首都。以其优美的建筑和文化成就闻名于世，从1914年到1924年期间，该市一度被称为彼得格勒。1918年莫斯科取而代之而成为首都。人口4,329,000〔ragamuffin〕Perhapsragamuffin should be seen as an example of melioration, or improvement in the sense of a word, since it can now be used rather affectionately of children who are normally far from dirty or unkempt.In any event,even its use for an unkempt child or man represents something of an improvementover one of its earliest uses.Ragamuffin was a name given to a demon in Piers Plowman, an allegorical poem of the 14th century. This name was once thought to be the source of our word,but researches at theMiddle English Dictionary have shown that the word was used as the last name of a woman, Isabella Ragamuffyn, earlier in the 14th century (1344), before the poem was composed.The word even then had the sense "ragged lout, tattered oaf,”though it was found only in names.The elementraga- is probably from the Middle English adjective raggi, "ragged,” also used of the devil in the sense "shaggy" and as a name.The element-muffin is probably from Middle Dutch moffel or muffe, "mitten.” 也许ragamuffin 这个词应该看作词义变良或改善的例子， 因为它现在可以用来充满感情地指那些按常规来说远非肮脏或不整洁的孩子。不论如何，即使它被用来指那些不整洁的孩子或大人的时候，其用法较最初也有了很大提高。Ragamuffin 是14世纪的一部寓言诗 犁者码头 中一个魔鬼的名字。 这个名字一度被认为是本词的来源，但对中世纪英语词典 的研究表明这个词曾在14世纪早期(1344年）用作一位妇女的姓，伊莎贝拉·拉格姆芬， 这早于那首诗创作之前。这个词甚至还曾有衣裳破烂的粗人、褴褛的呆子的意思，尽管此词仅见于姓名。构词成分raga- 可能源自中古英语的形容词 raggi “破烂的”， 也曾以“毛长而参差不齐”这个意思用于魔鬼和人名。构词成分-muffin 可能来自中世纪荷兰语中 moffel 或意为“连指手套”的 muffe 〔Nazca〕A pre-Incan civilization that flourished on the southern coast of Peru from about 200b.c. to about a.d. 600, known for its polychrome vessels decorated with stylized designs and for the enormous drawings of geometric and zoomorphic forms etched in the desert floor 200 miles south of Lima. 纳斯卡文明：约从公元前 200年至 公元 600年一度兴盛于秘鲁南岸的前印加文明，以其多彩且设计独特的容器以及位于利马以南200英里沙漠中庞大的几何与兽形绘画闻名 〔calenture〕A tropical fever once believed to be caused by the heat.中暑：一种炎热感冒，一度被认为由受热而引起〔prevailing〕"The speculation which for some time was rife concerning [the book's] authorship made many turn to it" (Samuel Butler). “关于 作者的推测一度非常流行，这使得许多人都注意到了那本书” （塞缪尔·巴特勒）。 〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔isthmian〕Of or relating to the Isthmus of Corinth, especially with regard to the biennial Pan-Hellenic games held there in antiquity.科林斯地峡的：科林斯地峡的，关于该地峡的，尤指关于古代在此地举行的两年一度的泛古希腊运动会 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。