| 单词 | 一张 |
| 释义 | 〔canopy〕A covering, usually of cloth, suspended over a throne or bed or held aloft on poles above an eminent person or a sacred object.华盖：通常由布做成的遮盖物，悬于一个王座或一张床的上面或由柱子高擎在一个显贵的人或一个神圣的物体上面〔paper〕One or more sheets of paper bearing writing or printing, especially:文件：一张或多张已经书写或印刷的纸张，尤指：〔menu〕An enormous menu might be considered an oxymoronif one were to restrict the word etymologically.Menu can be traced back to the Latin word minūtus, meaning "small in size, amount, or degree"and also "possessing or involving minute knowledge.”Latinminūtus became Old French menut and Modern French menu, "small, fine, trifling, minute.” The French adjective came to be used as a nounwith the sense of "detail, details collectively,” and "detailed list.”As such, it was used in the phrasemenu de repas, "list of items of a meal,” which was shortened tomenu. This word was borrowed into English,being first recorded in 1837.The French word had been borrowed before,perhaps only briefly,as a shortening of the French phrasemenu peuple, "the common people.” This usage, however, is recorded in only one text, in 1658.“一个庞大的菜单”这一说法可能会被看成是一种矛盾的修辞法，如果人们从语源学角度对这个词进行限制的话。Menu 这个词的词源可上溯到拉丁词 minutus， 意为“尺寸、数量或程度小的”，或者“具备或涉及到精细知识的。”这个拉丁词minutus 而后又成为古法语单词 menut 和现代法语单词 menu， 意为“小的、精巧的、琐碎的、详细的。” 这个法语形容词逐渐被用作名词，意为“细节、诸多细节”及“详细的名单”。就这样，它被用于词组menu de repas， 意为“一张菜肴明细单”， 后来这个词组又被简略为menu。 这个简略词被引入英语中，最早出现于1837年。这个法语单词以前也曾被英语借用过，但也许只用了很短一段时间，而且是作为意为“普通民众”的法语词组menu peuple 的简略词。 然而这一用法仅在1658年的一篇文章中出现过〔tabular〕Organized as a table or list.列成表格的：以一张表格或清单的形式列出的〔inlay〕To insert (a photograph, for example) within a mat in a book.将照片放入相薄：将（例如一张照片）插入相册中的膜内〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔hundred〕A note of currency worth 100 dollars.百元美钞：一张面值一百美元的钞票〔list〕a shopping list; a guest list; a list of things to do.一张购物单；客人名单；事项表〔foil〕A thin, flexible leaf or sheet of metal:箔：一页或一张薄而软的金属：〔expand〕The chair expands to form a day bed.椅子展开形成一张睡椅〔trampoline〕A strong, taut sheet, usually of canvas, attached with springs to a metal frame and used for gymnastic springing and tumbling.蹦床：一张通常由帆布制的结实坚韧的床布，和弹簧一起连接在金属框架上，用于体操跳跃及翻滚〔flashcube〕A small cube that contains four flashbulbs and that rotates automatically to the next unused bulb when a picture is taken with the camera to which it is attached.方形闪光灯：一种装有四个闪光灯的小立方体，当与之连接的相机拍完一张照片后，它会自动转动到下一个未使用的灯泡〔alignment〕Blueprints for the building included an alignment and a profile.这座大楼的蓝图包括一张平面图和一张侧面图〔tracing〕A reproduction made by superimposing a transparent sheet and copying the lines of the original on it.描摹、映写：用一张透明纸张覆盖并在其上描画原来的线条而制成的复制品〔undouble〕To unfold, as a piece of paper money.展开，例如一张纸币〔flounce〕A strip of decorative, usually gathered or pleated material attached by one edge, as on a garment or curtain.荷叶边装饰：一种通常把材料收拢或折叠在一条边上的装饰性花边，如在一件衣服或一张窗帘上〔interleave〕To provide with interleaves or an interleaf.在书中插多张或一张空白纸〔through〕a through bus; a through ticket.一辆直达的公共汽车；一张直通票〔break〕a delicate chair that will break under a great weight. To 一张会在重压下破碎的精致椅子。 〔fog〕To obscure or dim (a photographic image).使模糊或弄暗（一张照片的图象）〔ashen〕A face ashen with grief.一张因悲伤而苍白的脸〔so〕But this rule is best regarded as a stylistic preference;in such clausesthat is frequently omitted even by reputable writers in formal contexts, as inThey will have to double up so (or so that ) room can be found for the new arrivals. · Bothso and so that are acceptably used to introduce clauses that state a result or consequence: 但是这条规则最好被认为是格式上的偏好。在这样的句子中，即使是很著名的作家也在正式的文章中经常省略that ， 如在句子他们将不得不两个人睡一张床，以便 （或者 so that ) 新到的人能找到住房 。 So 和 so that 都可以被接受用来引入陈述一个结果或后果的从句： 〔ticket〕To attach a ticket to; tag.See Synonyms at mark 1加标签于…：把一张标签贴到…上；贴上标签 参见 mark1〔table〕An orderly arrangement of data, especially one in which the data are arranged in columns and rows in an essentially rectangular form.表：数据中的一种有序排列，尤指其中的数据按基本上构成一个矩形的竖行和横行进行排列的一张表格〔skat〕One of the combinations of cards occurring in this game.在斯卡特牌戏中出现的混合牌中的一张〔ten〕A ten-dollar bill.十元钞票：一张十美元的钞票〔folio〕A large sheet of paper folded once in the middle, making two leaves or four pages of a book or manuscript.对折纸：在中间对折的一张大纸，制成书或手稿中的两张或四页〔erase〕a postage stamp that had been canceled;一张被盖邮戳的邮票；〔Scone〕A village of central Scotland northeast of Perth. The old part of the village was the coronation site of Scottish kings until 1651. The Stone of Scone, or Stone of Destiny, which served as a throne during the coronation rites, was taken to England by Edward I in the late 13th century and today rests in Westminster Abbey beneath the chair used during the crowning of British monarchs. 斯昆：一个位于苏格兰中部、佩思东北部的村庄。直到1651年这个村庄的旧部都是苏格兰国王的加冕地。这个村庄在作为加冕地期间，一块当作御座的命运之石在13世纪晚期被爱德华一世带入英格兰，今天它被放置在威斯敏斯特教堂内一张英国封建君主曾用于加冕的椅子下面〔enclose〕enclose a check with the order.随命令附上一张支票〔plot〕To represent graphically, as on a chart:以图表画出，制图：详细清楚地表示，如在一张图表上：〔microprint〕The printed or positive reproduction of a microphotograph.缩微印刷品：一张微型照片的印刷或正片复制品〔perforation〕A hole or series of holes punched or bored through something, especially a hole in a series, separating sections in a sheet or roll.孔：穿过某物的一个孔或一系列孔，尤指用以分割一张或一卷东西的一系列小孔〔poke〕Apig in a poke is concealed in a sack from the buyer. The nounpoke —meaning a bag or sack—dates from the 14th century in English. In many parts of Scotlandpoke means a little paper bag for carrying purchases or a cone-shaped piece of paper for an ice-cream cone. TheOxford English Dictionary gives similar forms in other languages: Icelandicpoki, Gaelic poc or poca, and French poche. Pouchand pocket are undoubtedly cognates. 一只袋子里的猪 被藏于一只麻袋中而不让买主看到。 poke 这个名词——意为一个包或袋子——在英语中可追溯到14世纪。 在苏格兰的许多地方，poke 指用来携带商品的一个小纸包或用来包冰淇淋卷的一张锥形纸片。 牛津英语词典 给出了该词在其它语言中的近似形式： 冰岛语中的poki ，盖耳语中的 poc 或 poca 和法语中的 poche。 Pouch和 pocket 无疑是同源词 〔tippy〕a tippy racing shell; a tippy card table.一艘摇摇晃晃的赛艇；一张不稳的牌桌〔flop〕flopped the steak onto a platter.把一块牛排重重地扔到一张大浅盘里〔policy〕A written contract or certificate of insurance.保险单，保险契约：一张书面的保险契约或证明〔twofer〕A coupon offering two items, especially tickets for a play, for the price of one.两件的票券：提供两件的票券，尤指用一张票的价格购买的两张戏票〔steal〕went into the study and pinched a dollar bill. 进了书房，挟起一张美钞 〔spend〕spent five dollars for a movie ticket;花五美元买一张电影票； |
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