| 单词 | 一旦 |
| 释义 | 〔overbuy〕To buy (stock) on margin in excess of one's ability to provide further security if prices drop.超出能力地买股票：过度购买（股票），如果一旦价格下跌，无力增添保证金〔clever〕"If I ever felt inclined to be timid as I was going into a room full of people,I would say to myself,‘You're the cleverest member of one of the cleverest families in the cleverest class of the cleverest nation in the world,why should you be frightened?’” (Beatrice Webb). “一旦我进入充满人的房间而感到胆怯时，我就会对自己说， ‘你是这个世界上最聪明国家的最聪明阶层的最聪明家庭的最聪明成员，为什么你会被吓着呢？’ （比阿特丽斯·韦伯）。〔hectic〕In the Usage Panel survey done for the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary (1969), 92 percent of the Panel approved of the use ofhectic in its most familiar sense, "characterized by feverish activity, confusion, or haste.”The question was put to the Panelbecause in earlier usage that sense was sometimes deprecated as a loose extension of the term's meaning in medicine.Unless one has some medical knowledgeone probably does not know the older medical uses of the term,for example, "relating to an undulating fever, such as those accompanying tuberculosis,”and unless one has some acquaintance with Middle Englishone would not recognize the first recorded instance of the word,etik, in a text written before 1398. The Middle English term comes from the Old French development of the Late Latin wordhecticus, whose form helped reshape our word in the 16th century.Late Latinhecticus in turn comes from Greek hektikos, "formed by habit or forming habit" and "consumptive,” developing the last sense because of the chronic nature of tuberculous fevers.Thus a word that once simply meant "habitual"eventually had an English descendant used to refer to circumstances that would be undesirable if they were habitual.在针对美国经典辞书 （1969年）第一版对用法专题使用小组的调查中， 92%的成员赞成hectic 一词最常用的意思， “以紧张的活动、忙乱或慌忙为特征的”。之所以要向这些成员提这个问题，是因为作为该词医学含义的模糊延伸，这个意义有时不为人们所接受。除非某人有医学方面的知识，否则他就很可能不知道这个词在医学方面的古老用法，比如“和起伏不定的热病有关的，如肺结核的伴随症”。另外，除非某人对中古英语有一度程度的了解，否则他也认不出1398年以前的一个文本中该词的首例etik 。 这个中古英语单词是由古法语经后期拉丁语hecticus 一词的发展而来的， 其形式在16世纪帮助重新形成了这个单词。而后期拉丁语中的这个词hecticus 又是由希腊语中的 hektikos 一词而来，这个词在希腊语中意指“由习惯形成的或形成习惯的”及“患肺痨的，肺痨的”， 之所以得到最后的意思，是出于肺痨病的特性。这样一来，原来只是表示“习惯性的”这个词，传到英语中最后竟变成了指一旦成为习惯则不被人所喜爱的情形〔data〕But whiledata comes from a Latin plural form, the practice of treatingdata as a plural in English often does not correspond to its meaning, given an understanding of what counts as data in modern research.We know, for example, what "data on the homeless" would consist of—surveys, case histories, statistical analyses, and so forth—but it would be a vain exercise to try to sort all of these out into sets of individual facts,each of them a "datum" on the homeless. (Does a case history count as a single datum,or as a collection of them?Is a correlation between rates of homelessness and unemployment itself a datum, or is it an abstraction over a number of data?)Since scientists and researchers think of data as a singular mass entity like information,it is entirely natural that they should have come to talk about it as such and that others should defer to their practice.Sixty percent of the Usage Panel accepts the use ofdata with a singular verb and pronoun in the sentenceOnce the data is in, we can begin to analyze it. A still larger number, 77 percent, accepts the sentence 但是当data 来源于一拉丁复数形式， 在英语中把data 当作复数来对待的运用常常和它的意义不相符合， 给了我们在现代研究中算作数据事物的一种理解。例如，我们知道，“无家可归人的资料”将由调查、个人历史，数据分析等等构成——但是试着把这些都分类到一套个人事实将会是一次无用的尝试，他们中的每一个都为无家可归人的资料。 （个人历史是算作一个简单的资料，还是作为其中的一个收集?无家可归人的比率和失业之间的联系是一个资料，还是一系列资料中的一个提取？）既然科学家和研究工作者认为资料和信息一样是一个单一的团体，他们就应该这样地来谈论它并且其他的人应当服丛他们的说法，这是完全自然的，百分之六十的用法专题使用小组成员接受把data 和单数动词和代词连用， 如在句子一旦资料来了，我们就能开始分析了 中， 更大的比例，即百分之七十七的成员接受了句子 〔prudence〕She had the foresight to realize that once the ugly rumor had begun to circulate, only the truth could put it to rest.她早就明白，一旦恶毒的谣言开始流传，只有真相才能使之平息。〔percent〕Statistically speaking,a quantity can be increased by any percentage but cannot be decreased by more than 100 percent.Once pollution has been reduced by 100 percent, for example, it ceases to exist,and no further reduction is possible.In defiance of this logic, however, advertisers sometimes refer toa 150 percent decrease in lost luggage or a new dental rinse that reduces plaque on teeth by over 300 percent. On reflection,it is possible to infer the intended meaning in these examples—presumably the rinse is three times as effective as some other tooth-cleaning procedure—but the ostensible claim is logically nonsensical,and the phrasing serves mostly to obscure the fact that the standard of comparison has not been made explicit.The latter phrase was unacceptable to 66 percent of the Usage Panel.从统计学上说，数量可以按任意比例增长但不能按超过百分之一百的比例减少。例如，一旦污染减少百分之百，它就会消失，也就不再会有任何进一步减少的可能了。然而，广告商们时常忽视这种规律而提出行李丢失率下降了百分之一百五 或 一种新型爽口剂将牙病减少了百分之三百。 从观众的反应来说，不可能推断这些例句想表达的意思——假定这种爽口剂比其它洁齿措施有效三倍——但这种表面的说法却是不合逻辑的，并且短语的运用大大模糊了比较标准尚不清晰的事实。后一个短语是百分之六十六的用法小组成员不能接受的〔bond〕An insurance contract in which an agency guarantees payment to an employer in the event of unforeseen financial loss through the actions of an employee.保险单：一种保证合同，保险方保证一旦由于雇员的行动造成意外的经济损失，雇主将得到陪偿〔design〕It was her design to set up practice on her own as soon as she was qualified.她打算等她一旦有能力，就自己独立开业〔try〕The phrasetry and is commonly used as a substitute for try to, as inCould you try and make less noise? A number of grammarians have labeled the construction incorrect.To be sure, associated with informal style,the usage strikes an inappropriately conversational note in formal writing.In the most recent survey65 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the use in writing of the sentence try and 这一词组通常可用来替代 try to ， 如在你能试着少发出点噪音吗？ 中。 一些语法学家认为这一结构不正确。由于这一用法常用于非正式文体，一旦出现在正式文章中便会产生不相适宜的谈话式情调。在最近的调查中，65%的用法评审委员成员反对它被用于如下的句子： 〔going〕Once we left the trail the going was rough.一旦我们离开路径，路面就变得崎岖不平〔persuade〕Nothing can persuade her to change her mind once it is made up. Toinduce is to lead, as to a course of action, by means of influence or persuasion: 一旦她下定决心就没有什么可以说服她改变注意。 Induce 是指通过影响或劝说的方式来引导，如行动方针等： 〔trust〕"I fared like a distressed Prince who calls in a powerful Neighbor to his Aid . . .when I had once called him in,I could not subsist without Dependence on him" (Richard Steele).See also Synonyms at care ,rely “我过得像一个倒霉的王子，只得求助于强大的邻居…但当我一旦把他叫来，我只能依靠他才能生存” （理查德·斯蒂尔） 参见同义词 care,rely〔spermine〕A crystalline polyamine compound, C10H 26N 4, present in ribosomes and found widely in living tissues along with spermidine. It was originally isolated from semen. 精胺，精素：一种晶体状多胺化合物，化学式为C10H 26N 4,存在于核糖体中，并与亚精胺一起大量存在于活组织中。一旦产生即与精子分离 〔opportunity〕"If you prepare yourself . . . you will be able to grasp opportunity for broader experience when it appears" (Eleanor Roosevelt).“如果你有所准备…一旦机会出现，你就会抓住获得更丰富经历的机会。” （埃利诺·瑞赛尔特）。〔spermidine〕A polyamine compound, C7H 19N 3, found in ribosomes and living tissues and having various metabolic functions. It was originally isolated from semen. 亚精胺：一种多胺化合物，化学式为C7H 19N 3，存在于核糖体及活组织中，具有各种代谢功能。一旦产生即与精子分离 〔factionalize〕"Once a faculty is factionalized, of course, the process of appointments becomes partly a competition for allies"(Calvin Trillin)“一旦权力分散了，当然，约定的进程部分地变成对联盟的竞争”(卡尔文·特里林)〔verity〕"The mind once suddenly aware of a verity for the first time immediately invents it again"(Agnes Sligh Turnbull)See Synonyms at truth “思想一旦突然首次意识到某一真理就能马上再次地创造它”(阿格尼斯·斯赖·特恩布尔) 参见 truth〔laugh〕You won't be laughing when the truth comes out.一旦真相被揭露，你就不会洋洋得意了〔atopic〕Of, relating to, or caused by a hereditary predisposition toward the development of certain hypersensitivity reactions, such as hay fever, asthma, or chronic urticaria, upon exposure to specific antigens:过敏反应的：某种遗传的身体一旦暴露于特殊抗原，便容易产生某过敏反应，如花粉热、哮喘病或荨麻疹。或属于、关于该症的：〔antsy〕"Camps got shot up all the time, but if therewasn't a shoot-up, they'd get antsy" (Harper's)“营房里不断传来枪声，但一旦没有 枪声他们又变得紧张起来” (哈珀)〔possible〕"As soon as it was practicable, he would wind up his business" (George Eliot).“一旦可行，他也将结束他的生意” （乔治·艾略特）。〔skitter〕lizards that skitter away when approached.一旦接近，蜥蜴就滑走了〔titillate〕"Once you decide to titillate instead of illuminate . . . you create a climate of expectation that requires a higher and higher level of intensity"(Bill Moyers)“一旦你决定用刺激而不是说明的方式…你就会创造出一种期望，希望这种刺激的强度越来越大”(比尔·莫耶斯)〔obstinate〕"She was very stubborn when her mind was made up" (Samuel Butler).One who isheadstrong is stubbornly, often recklessly willful: “她一旦拿定主意，就非常固执” （塞缪尔·巴特勒）。一个headstrong 的人是固执的，常是缺乏考虑的意志坚定： 〔nonrenewable〕Of or relating to an energy source, such as oil or natural gas, or a natural resource, such as a metallic ore, that is not replaceable after it has been used.不可再生的：能源（如石油、天然瓦斯）或自然资源（如金属矿石）等一旦被使用就无法再生的或与其相关的〔prodigious〕No one would now say, as did a character in Fanny Burney'sEvelina (1778), "You are prodigiously kind!”But this utterance, exclamation point and all,illustrates two important points about intensives, linguistic elements,such asextremely or awfully, that provide force or emphasis.One point is that we press words that originally had other meanings into service as intensives.Prodigiously is an adverb formed on prodigious, which meant such things as "ominous, amazing, enormous,” going back to the Latinprōdigiōsus, "portentous, marvelous, unnatural.”Prodigiously, first recorded in 1595, meant "portentously, ominously,”and was later used to mean "wonderfully, astonishingly,”therefore making a perfect candidate for use as an intensive.The other point about intensives illustrated byprodigiously is that they go in and out of fashion. The character inEvelina used prodigiously in a way that was no doubt very stylish; no one would find it so today.Perhaps the main reason for such shifts in the use of these intensives is that once they have been used for a whilethey no longer intensify.现在没有人会象芬妮·伯尼的小说埃维莉娜 (1778年）中的人物那样说， “您真是太好了!”但这种说法，感叹号和全句，说明了关于加强语气的重要两点，如extremely 或 awfully 这样的语言要素， 具有加强语气或表示强调的作用。要点之一是我们把一些最初有其他意思的词当作了加强语气的词来使用。Prodigiously 是在意为“不祥的，惊人的，巨大的”的形容词 prodigious 基础上形成的副词， 可追溯到拉丁词prodigiosus， 意思是“不祥的，奇异的，不自然的。”Prodigiously 最早记录于1595年， 意为“预兆性地，不祥地，”后来意为“奇妙地，惊人地，”因此很适于用作强调词。Prodigiously 说明的关于强调词的另一个要点是这些词流行一时然后就过时了。 埃维莉娜 中的人物使用 prodigiously 的方式无疑是很时髦的； 但今天已没有人这样用了。或许这些强调词用法变换的主要原因是一旦这些词被使用了一段时间后，其加强语气或强调作用就不再明显了 |
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