| 单词 | 一时期 |
| 释义 | 〔Pleistocene〕Of, belonging to, or designating the geologic time, rock series, and sedimentary deposits of the earlier of the two epochs of the Quaternary Period, characterized by the alternate appearance and recession of northern glaciation and the appearance of the progenitors of human beings. See table at geologic time 更新世的：属于或标志第四纪的两个时期中较早时代的地质时期、岩石系列和沉积矿床的，这一时期以互生外貌、北方冰蚀退缩和人类祖先的出现为特征 参见 geologic time〔retroaction〕An action, as of a law, that influences or applies to a prior time.追溯效力：一种影响或适用于前一时期的法律行为〔tower〕towers over other poets of the day.胜过那一时期的其他诗人〔passacaglia〕A courtly dance of the period that was performed to such music.帕萨卡利亚舞：这一时期根据此种舞曲所跳的乡村舞蹈〔Cambrian〕Of, relating to, or belonging to the geologic time, system of rocks, and sedimentary deposits of the first period of the Paleozoic Era, characterized by warm seas and desert land areas. See table at geologic time 寒武纪的：寒武纪的、与之相关的或属于它的，即古新世时代第一时期的岩石体系的以及沉积物的，以海洋的温暖和陆地的荒漠为特征 参见 geologic time〔cabal〕The history ofcabal reveals how a word can be transferred from one sphere of activity to another while retaining only a tenuous connection with its past. Ultimately from Hebrewbut transmitted to English probably by way of Medieval Latin and French,cabal is first recorded in English in 1616 in the sense "cabala.” Cabala was the name for the Hebrew oral tradition transmitted by Moses and also the name for a Jewish religious philosophy based on an esoteric interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures.The notion "esoteric" is central to the development of this word in English,forcabal, probably following the sense development in French, came to mean "a tradition, special interpretation, or secret,” "a private intrigue" (first recorded in 1646-1647),and "a small body of intriguers" (first recorded in 1660).It is probably not coincidental thatcabal is found with these latter meanings during the mid-17th century, that time of plots and counterplots by Royalists and Parliamentarians.The word gained a false etymology when it was noticed that the five most influential ministers of Charles II were named Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale.单词cable 的历史表现出一个单词在与其过去的含义仅保持微弱联系的情况下，如何能够从一个使用范围转向另一个范围。 最起始是源于希伯来语，但可能是通过中世纪的拉丁语和法语转化为英语，cabal 以“秘教”的含义在英语中最早载于1616年。 Cabala 是对摩西所传的希伯来口头传说的称谓， 也是对基于希伯来圣经神秘解说的犹太宗教哲学的称谓。“深奥的”这个概念对于这个英文单词的发展是很重要的，因为cabal 可能是沿用法语里发展起来的含义， 意为“传统，特殊的理解或秘密的，“个人阴谋”（最早记载于1646至1647年），以及“较小的阴谋者的联合体”（最早记载于1660年）。它可能与cabal 的17世纪中叶的后来含义并不一致， 在这一时期内充斥着保皇党人和议员们的阴谋和对策。由于注意到查理二世时期五位最有影响的大臣姓名分别为克利福德，阿灵顿，白金汉，阿什利和劳德戴尔（其姓名首字母合起来为CABAL），该词由此得来一错误的语源说明〔iconoclast〕An iconoclast can be unpleasant company,but at least the modern iconoclast only attacks such things as ideas and institutions.The original iconoclasts destroyed countless works of art.Eikonoklastēs, the ancestor of our word, was first formed in Medieval Greek from the elements eikōn, "image, likeness,” and -klastēs, "breaker,” fromklan, "to break.” The images referred to by the word are religious images,which were the subject of controversy among Christians of the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries, when iconoclasm was at its height.Those who opposed images did not, of course, simply destroy them, although many were demolished;they also attempted to have the images barred from display and veneration.During the Protestant Reformationimages in churches were again felt to be idolatrous and were once more banned and destroyed.It is around this time thaticonoclast, the descendant of the Greek word, is first recorded in English (1641), with reference to the Greek iconoclasts.In the 19th centuryiconoclast took on the secular sense that it has today, as in "Kant was the great iconoclast" (James Martineau).亵渎偶像者可能令人生厌，但至少现代的偶像毁坏者只是攻击思想和制度这类东西。最初的偶像破坏者却毁掉了无数的艺术作品。Eikonoklastes 最早见于中世纪希腊语，是我们现代词的前身，由 eikon 意为“图象，相象”和 -klastes 意为“毁坏者”组成， 它又来源于klan “打碎”的意思。 此词所说的肖像是指宗教的肖像，8至9世纪当毁坏偶像主义在拜占庭帝国盛行时，宗教偶像成为基督教徒中争执的焦点。反对宗教肖像的人尽管销毁了不少画像，但这并不是他们唯一的形式，他们也试图禁止偶像展览和偶像崇拜。在新教改革时期，教堂里的宗教画像再次被认为是盲目崇拜而遭到禁止和毁灭。正是在这一时期iconoclast 一词开始作为希腊语的衍生词在英语中出现， 第一次记录于1641年。到19世纪，iconoclast 一词开始有了现代的含意， 比如在“康德是一位伟大的传统叛逆者”（詹姆士·马提诺）〔milch〕in thrīmilce [May (when cows can be milked thrice in a day)] * see melg- 在 thrīmilce之中 [五月（这一时期奶牛一天可挤三次奶）] * 参见 melg- 〔postcolonial〕Of, relating to, or being the time following the establishment of independence in a colony:殖民地时期之后的：殖民地取得独立后及与这一时期有关的：〔Wilson〕The 28th President of the United States (1913-1921), whose administration was marked by World War I and the introduction of prohibition. At the Paris Peace Conference (1919) he included the establishment of the League of Nations as a proviso of the Treaty of Versailles. The winner of the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, he was unable to convince the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaty.威尔逊，（托马斯）伍德罗：(1856-1924) 美国第二十八任总统(1913-1921年），其执政期间，美国参加了第一次世界大战，这一时期也是美国历史上的禁酒时期。在巴黎和会上(1919年），他提出建立国际联盟作为凡尔赛条约的限制性条款。获1919年诺贝尔和平奖。他没有能够说服美国参议院正式认可凡尔赛条约〔quadrennium〕A period of four years.四年的时间：四年为一时期〔crepuscular〕"the period's crepuscular charm and a waning of the intense francophilia that used to shape the art market"(Wall Street Journal)“这一时期的朦胧魅力和以前强烈影响艺术市场氛围的亲法思想的衰退”(华尔街期刊) |
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