| 单词 | 三十年 |
| 释义 | 〔Westphalia〕A historical region and former duchy of west-central Germany east of the Rhine River. The duchy was created in the 12th century and was administered for many centuries by ecclesiastical princes, especially the archbishop of Cologne. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked the end of the Thirty Years' War. Napoleon seized the area in 1807 and designated a portion of it as the kingdom of Westphalia, to be ruled by his brother Jérôme. The region became part of Prussia after 1815.威斯特法利亚：德国中西部一历史地区和前公国，位于莱茵河以东。公国建于12世纪，在以后的许多世纪中由教会贵族统治，尤其是指科隆大主教。威斯特法利亚和平协议(1648年）标志着“三十年战争”的结束。在1807年拿破仑攫取了该地区，并把其中的一部分定为威斯特法利亚王国，由他的兄弟圣哲罗姆统治。此地区在1815年后成为普鲁士的一部分〔serve〕a hotel that has served tourists at the same location for 30 years.一家在同一地区为旅客服务了三十年的旅馆〔impact〕Each generation of critics seems to select one particular usage to stand as the emblem of what they view as linguistic crassness.Thirty years ago it was the use ofcontact as a verb, but opposition to that form has more or less disappeared,and attention now focuses on the verbal use ofimpact meaning "have an effect, affect.” Eighty-four percent of the Usage Panel disapproves of the constructionto impact on, as in the phrasesocial pathologies, common to the inner city, that impact heavily on such a community; and fully 95 percent disapproves of the use ofimpact as a transitive verb in the sentence Companies have used disposable techniques that have a potential for impacting our health. But even these figures do not reflect the degree of distaste with which critics view the usage:in their comments some Panelists labeled the usage as "bureaucratic,” "pretentious,” "vile,” and "a vulgarism.” ·It may be that the particular pretentiousness associated with the verbal use ofimpact is caused by its derivation from an already questionable metaphoric use of the noun impact, as in phrases such asthe political impact of the decision or the impact of the program on the community, in which no more is usually meant than might have been expressed by effects or consequences. But thoughimpact may have begun life a generation ago as an inflated substitute for "affect significantly,” it has by now become so common in corporate and institutional contexts that younger speakers appear to regard it as wholly standard and straightforward usage.Within a few years, accordingly,the usage is likely to be no more objectionable thancontact is now, since it will no longer betray any particular pretentiousness on the part of those who use it.See Usage Note at contact 每一代的批评家好象都挑了一个特别的用法作为他们认为的语言上的愚蠢行为的象征。三十年以前是contact 作为动词的用法， 但是对这种形式的反对或多或少已经消失了，注意力现在集中到了impact 意思为“有不好的影响、影响”的动词用法上。 用法专题小组成员中百分之八十四不同意to impact on 的结构， 如在短语对内城区来说很普通的社会病理学，对这样一个社区产生了很大影响的 当中； 百分之九十五的成员完全不同意impact 在句子 公司已经使用了可能会对我们的健康产生不良影响的易处理技术 中当作及物动词来使用。 但是即使是这些数字也没有反映出批评家们对这种用法厌恶的程度：在他们的评论当中有些成员把这种用法说成是“官僚主义的”、“装腔作势的”，“可耻的”，还说这是“粗鄙的语言。”也许和impact 的动词用法有关联的虚饰成份是由于它是从名词 impact 的一个早有争议的比喻用法衍变而来造成的。 如在短语这个决定在政治上的影响 或者 这个计划对公众的影响 中它的意思并没有比用 effects 或者 consequences 表达出来的意思要多。 尽管impact 作为“明显地影响”的夸大了的替代可能在一代人之前开始产生， 但是现在的年轻一代使用者看上去把它当成了完全标准的、直接的用法，这在共同的和惯例的文章中已经很普遍了。相应地在几年内，这种用法很有可能不比今天的contact 更引起反对， 因为对于那些使用它的人来说这不会再显得有点矫揉造作了 参见 contact〔Richelieu〕French prelate and politician. As chief minister of Louis XIII he worked to strengthen the authority of the monarchy and directed France during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).黎塞留：法国主教及政治家。作为路易十三世的首席大臣，他工作以加强君主制统治，并在三十年战争(1618-1648年）中领导法国〔Augean〕After Augeas , legendary Greek king who did not clean his stable for thirty years 源自 Augeas ，传说中的希腊国王，其三十年未清洗过他的马厩 〔Landshut〕A city of southeast Germany on the Isar River northeast of Munich. Founded in 1204, it was heavily damaged during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Population, 56,230.兰茨胡特：德国东南部的一座城市，位于伊萨尔河河畔，慕尼黑市东北部。它建于1204年，在三十年战争（1618-1648年）期间严重受损。人口56,230〔Suhl〕A city of central Germany south-southwest of Erfurt. It had a noted arms industry during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Population, 51,731.苏尔：德国中部的一个城市，位于俄尔福特西南偏南部。在三十年战争（1618-1648年）期间有着著名的武器工业。人口51,731〔Tilly〕Flemish field marshal during the Thirty Years' War.蒂利：三十年战争中佛兰芒人的陆军元帅〔Wallenstein〕Austrian military leader who fought for the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).华伦斯坦，阿尔布雷蒂·优西比乌斯·温泽尔·冯：(1583-1634) 奥地利军事首领，在三十年战争(1618-1648年）中为哈布斯堡王室作战〔Turenne〕French military leader noted for his campaigns in France and Italy (1635-1642) during the Thirty Years' War and for his victory in the Battle of the Dunes (1658).蒂雷纳：法国军事将领，在三十年战争中因其在法国和意大利指挥的战役(1635-1642年），以及他在迪讷战役(1658年）中的胜利而闻名 |
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