| 单词 | 下流 |
| 释义 | 〔jackal〕An accomplice or a lackey who aids in the commission of base or disreputable acts.同谋，同伙：共犯或帮凶，其帮助实施无耻或下流的行为〔lewd〕Obscene; indecent.下流的；淫秽的〔ribald〕Characterized by or indulging in vulgar, lewd humor.See Synonyms at coarse 下流的，粗俗的：以粗鄙的、猥亵的幽默为特征的或沉溺于其中的 参见 coarse〔blue〕Indecent; risqué:下流的；有伤风化的：〔bawdry〕Risqué, coarse, or obscene language.淫秽：下流，猥亵的语言〔clean〕Fit for all readers, listeners, or audiences; not ribald or obscene:不色情的，语言干净的：对所有读者、听众或观众都适合的；不下流或淫秽的：〔swearword〕An obscene or blasphemous word.下流或渎神的词〔uncensored〕Not examined, expurgated, or given a rating for inclusion of improper or inappropriate material:未经审查的：未受检查的；未用删改的；未因内容下流或不当内容而斥责的：〔scurvy〕Mean; contemptible.下流的；卑鄙的〔indelicacy〕The quality or condition of being indelicate.下流：不雅、粗俗的品质或情形〔nasty〕Morally offensive; indecent.See Synonyms at offensive 猥亵的，下流的：道德上应受谴责的；下流的 参见 offensive〔vulgar〕The wordvulgar brings to mind off-color jokes, but this was not always so.Ironically the wordvulgar is itself an example of pejoration, the process by which the semantic status of a word changes for the worse over a period of time.The ancestor ofvulgar, the Latin word vulgāris (from vulgus, "the common people"), meant "of or belonging to the common people, everyday,”as well as "belonging to or associated with the lower orders.”Vulgāris also meant "ordinary,” "common (of vocabulary, for example),” and "shared by all.” Its only sense of the sort we might expect was related to the notion of general sharing, that is, "sexually promiscuous.”Our word, first recorded in a work composed in 1391,entered English during the Middle English period,and in Middle English and later English we find not only the senses mentioned above but also related senses.What is common can be seen as debased,and in the 17th century we begin to find instances ofvulgar that made very explicit what was already implicit. Vulgar now meant "deficient in taste, delicacy, or refinement.” From such usevulgar has gone downhill, and at present "crudely indecent" is probably one of the first senses ofvulgar that occurs to many when the word is used. Vulgar 这个词使人想起下流的玩笑， 但这并不尽然。具有讽刺意味的是vulgar 这个词本身就是一个贬义词， 是一个词的语义经过一段时间变为贬义的过程。Vulgar 的语源，拉丁词 vulgaris （来自于 vulgrs， “普通人”）， 意思是平常人的、属于平常人的或日常的，”也意味着“属于低等阶级的，与低阶级有关的。”Vulgaris 也意味着“平常的”，“普通的（如词汇表的）”，和“大家共有的。” 我们可能会想到的这一类的唯一意思与“大家共有的”的意思是有关，即“滥交的。”这个词，首先记载于1391年编的一部书里，在中古英语期间进入英语，在中古英语和后期的英语中我们不仅发现它有上述的意思，也有其它相关的意思。普通的可以被看作是低下的，在17世纪我们开始发现vulgar 把含蓄的意思变得很明显的例子。 现在vulgar 指“品味、格调或教养不高的。” 以这个意思vulgar 开始走下坡路， 现在当人们使用vulgar 时，对许多人来讲“粗野下流的”可能是第一个意思 〔improper〕an earthy but not indecent story.一个庸俗但并不下流的故事：〔dirty〕Obscene or indecent:下流的，猥亵的：〔indecent〕Offensive to public moral values; immodest.See Synonyms at improper 无礼的; 猥亵的：冒犯公共道德价值观的；下流的 参见 improper〔coarse〕Vulgar or indecent:粗俗的：庸俗的或下流的：〔ripe〕"The language on the stage was riper than anything I have heard in a lifetime of newspaper work"(John Hughes)“舞台上使用的语言比我这一辈子从报纸中听到的任何东西都要下流粗俗”(约翰·休斯)〔beastly〕Of or resembling a beast; bestial.See Synonyms at brute 兽的，似兽的；下流的 参见 brute〔degeneracy〕Corrupt, vulgar, vicious behavior, especially sexual perversion.性倒错：伤风败俗的、粗鄙的、下流的行为，尤指性欲颠倒、性变态〔limerick〕A light humorous, nonsensical, or bawdy verse of five anapestic lines usually with the rhyme schemeaabba. 五行打油诗：韵脚通常为aabba 的幽默、无聊或下流的抑抑扬格五行诗 〔graffito〕The formgraffiti, based on the Italian plural, is far more common than the singular form graffito. Graffitiis often used as a singular noun. When the reference is to a particular inscription (as inThere was a bold graffiti on the wall ), the formgraffito would be etymologically correct but might strike some readers as pedantic outside an archaeological context.There is no substitute for the singular use ofgraffiti when the word is used as a mass noun to refer to inscriptions in general or to the related social phenomenon. The sentenceGraffiti is a major problem for the Transit Authority Police cannot be rewordedGraffito is . . . (since graffito can refer only to a particular inscription) or Graffiti are . . . , which suggests that the police problem involves only the physical marks and not the larger issue of vandalism.In such contexts,the use ofgraffiti as a singular is justified by both utility and widespread precedent. 基于意大利语的复数形式graffiti 远比单数形式 graffito更普遍。 Graffiti常用作单数名词。 当意指一特定涂鸦物（如在墙上有一处下流的涂鸦 中）， graffito 的形式在词形变化上是正确的， 但可能会在古文化语境外使一些人显得迂腐。graffiti 的单数作物质名词使用来指涂鸦的总称或相应的社会现象时，是没有替代词的。 句子：涂鸦是公共交通警察局遇到的主要难题 ， 不能用Graffito is … 来替换（因为 graffito 只能指一具体的涂鸦）或用 Graffiti are … 来替换， 因其意指警察的问题只涉及存在的标记而不是破坏公物的大问题。在这些语境中，graffiti 作为单数形式的使用是被广泛使用的先例所证实的 〔lap〕roof tiles that were lapped so that water will run off.屋瓦搭叠以便雨水下流〔dumpy〕Resembling a dump, as in shabbiness; disreputable:象垃圾堆的，肮脏破旧的；下流的：〔filth〕A dirty or corrupt condition; foulness.下流，猥亵：下流或猥亵的状况；淫猥〔skank〕Disgusting or vulgar matter; filth.下流，猥亵，污物：下流或粗俗的事物；肮脏，猥亵〔gutter〕Befitting the lowest class of human life; vulgar, sordid, or unprincipled:最低阶层的，下流的：属于最低级的人类生活的；粗俗的、肮脏的或无耻的：〔salacious〕Lustful; bawdy.淫秽的；下流的〔fescennine〕Licentious; obscene.淫秽的；下流的〔rugged〕rugged manners and ribald wit.粗鲁的方式和下流的玩笑〔dirty〕dirty movies; a dirty joke.黄色电影；下流玩笑〔gross〕Brutishly coarse, as in behavior; crude.粗俗的，下流的：举止粗俗不堪的；粗卑的〔gutter〕gutter language; the gutter press.下层社会的语言；下流的报纸〔coarse〕Obscene strongly stresses loathsome lewdness and indecency: Obscene 强烈强调讨厌的淫荡和下流： 〔peepshow〕A short pornographic film presentation seen usually in a small coin-operated projection booth.透过小孔看下流表演：一种通常在小的投币放映厅看的短的淫秽电影〔immodest〕Offending against sexual mores in conduct or appearance; indecent:厚颜无耻的：在行为上或表面上违背性规范的；下流的：〔indecency〕The state or quality of being unseemly or immodest.不正派，下流：不体面的或不正派的样子或品性〔doghanged〕Hangdog.See Regional Note at everwhere 卑下的，下流的 参见 everwhere〔racy〕Risqué; ribald.猥亵的：粗俗的；下流的〔scurrilous〕Expressed in vulgar, coarse, and abusive language.恶言诽谤的：用粗俗的、下流的、辱骂的语言来表达的〔camp〕An affectation or appreciation of manners and tastes commonly thought to be artificial, vulgar, or banal.下流，庸俗，做作：行为或情趣上的矫揉造作，通常被认为是不自然的、粗俗的或平庸的 |
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