| 单词 | 下降 |
| 释义 | 〔slippage〕A decline in level, performance, or achievement.下降：在水准、表现或成就方面下降〔rarefaction〕A decrease in density and pressure in a medium, such as air, caused by the passage of a sound wave.稀薄化：介质中密度和压力的下降，例如在空气中，由于声波的穿越而发生〔holocaust〕When referring to the massive destruction of human beings by other human beings,holocaust has a secure place in the language. Fully 99 percent of the Usage Panel accepts the use ofholocaust in the phrase nuclear holocaust. Sixty percent accepts the sentenceAs many as two million people may have died in the holocaust that followed the Khmer Rouge takeover in Cambodia. But because of its associations with genocide,extended applications ofholocaust may not always be received with equanimity. When the word is used to refer to death brought about by natural causes,the percentage of the Panel's acceptance drops sharply.Only 31 percent of the Panel accepts the sentence holocaust 在指人类之间大规模的杀害时用法稳定。 百分之九十九的用法专题使用小组成员接受holocaust 在 nuclear holocaust 中的用法。 百分之六十的成员接受在红色高棉组织接管柬埔寨之后，高达两百万的民众死于那场大屠杀 。 但由于它和种族灭绝有一定联系，人们并不总能很平静地接受holocaust 的引申用法。 当用这个词表示由于自然灾害引起的死亡时，用法小组接受的百分比明显下降。只有百分之三十一的成员同意这样的用法： 〔rapid〕An extremely fast-moving part of a river, caused by a steep descent in the riverbed. Often used in the plural.急流，湍滩：由于河床倾斜下降而形成的流动极快的河流的一部分，常用复数〔decrease〕His appetite lessens as his illness progresses.随着病情的加重，他的食欲下降了。〔spiral〕To rise or fall with steady acceleration.平稳地加速上升或下降〔brood〕brooding about his decline in popularity;思忖着他的名望下降的原因；〔slippage〕Loss of motion or power because of slipping.动力传动损耗：由于下降造成的运动或动力的损耗〔downtrend〕A downward trend; a downturn.下降趋势；下降（衰落）〔katabatic〕from katabatos [descending] 源自 katabatos [下降，下坡] 〔rain〕To fall in drops of water from the clouds.下雨：从云中以水滴形式下降〔low〕In or to a reduced, humbled, or degraded condition:向下地：在减少的、低贱的或下降的状态的：〔business〕Business had fallen off.贸易量已经下降了〔degradation〕The act or process of degrading.降级，降等：降低或下降的过程〔cadent〕Latin cadēns cadent- [present participle of] cadere [to fall] * see kad- 拉丁语 cadēns cadent- cadere的现在分词 [下降] * 参见 kad- 〔fall〕The act or an instance of falling.落下：下降的动作或例子〔weak〕Tending downward in price:下跌的：价格上有下降之趋势的：〔cathode〕Greek kathodos [descent] 希腊语 kathodos [下降] 〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词，其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人，或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”，大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意； 中古英语中肯定是贬意，其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人，粗野的人”，相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面，Surly 开始是个高尚的字，后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例，我们可以看到，surly 的拼法只有一个， 另一个是sirly ，它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir （给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称）。 因此，sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中，开始的意思为（有威严的，高傲的）。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中， 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”，以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思， 也正是在这层意义上，它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔slippage〕The amount or extent of slipping.滑动量，滑程：下降的数量或范围〔slump〕Business slumped after the holidays.节日过后生意下降了〔degenerate〕To decline in quality:退化，变质：在质量方面下降：〔percent〕Statistically speaking,a quantity can be increased by any percentage but cannot be decreased by more than 100 percent.Once pollution has been reduced by 100 percent, for example, it ceases to exist,and no further reduction is possible.In defiance of this logic, however, advertisers sometimes refer toa 150 percent decrease in lost luggage or a new dental rinse that reduces plaque on teeth by over 300 percent. On reflection,it is possible to infer the intended meaning in these examples—presumably the rinse is three times as effective as some other tooth-cleaning procedure—but the ostensible claim is logically nonsensical,and the phrasing serves mostly to obscure the fact that the standard of comparison has not been made explicit.The latter phrase was unacceptable to 66 percent of the Usage Panel.从统计学上说，数量可以按任意比例增长但不能按超过百分之一百的比例减少。例如，一旦污染减少百分之百，它就会消失，也就不再会有任何进一步减少的可能了。然而，广告商们时常忽视这种规律而提出行李丢失率下降了百分之一百五 或 一种新型爽口剂将牙病减少了百分之三百。 从观众的反应来说，不可能推断这些例句想表达的意思——假定这种爽口剂比其它洁齿措施有效三倍——但这种表面的说法却是不合逻辑的，并且短语的运用大大模糊了比较标准尚不清晰的事实。后一个短语是百分之六十六的用法小组成员不能接受的〔settle〕To move downward; sink or descend, especially gradually:下沉：向下移动；下沉或下降，尤指缓慢地：〔cadence〕from Vulgar Latin *cadentia [a falling] 源自 俗拉丁语 *cadentia [下降的] 〔decrease〕Reduce emphasizes bringing down, as in size, degree, or intensity: Reduce 强调在大小、程度或强度方面下降或减少： 〔descent〕A lowering or decline, as in status or level:（如地位或水平的）下降，转下坡路：〔rain〕A heavy or abundant fall:落下：很大的或丰富的下降：〔slope〕To move on a slant; ascend or descend:下滑：在斜面上移动；上升或下降：〔fortuitous〕In its best-established sense,fortuitous means "happening by accident or chance,” with no implication as to the desirability of the outcome:a fortuitous meeting may have either fortunate or unfortunate consequences. In this century, however, the word is often used with particular reference to happy accidents,as inThe company's third-quarter profits were enhanced as the result of a fortuitous drop in the cost of RAM chips. This use may have arisenbecausefortuitous resembles both fortunate and felicitous; it is well established in the writing of reputable authors.More controversial is the use offortuitous to mean simply "lucky or fortunate,” as inHe came to the Giants in June as the result of a fortuitous trade that sent two minor-league players to the Reds' organization. This use dates back at least to the 1920's,when H.W. Fowler labeled it a malaproprism.It is still widely regarded as incorrect,and writers who are unwilling to risk censure are advised to avoid it.从最公认的意义上说，fortuitous 的意思是“偶然发生的”， 不暗示结果是否称心：临时会议 可以有好或坏的结果。 然而在本世纪这个词常用于专指好的事件，如内存条价格的意外下降导致了公司第三季度利润的增加。 这种用法可能出现，因为fortuitous 类似于 fortunate 和 felicitous； 它用于有名望的作家的写作中。更有争论的用法是fortuitous 的含义为“幸运的或好运的”时， 如一次幸运的送两名小社团的运动员去红色组织的交易使他在六月去了巨人国。 这种用法至少可追溯到20世纪20年代，当时H.W.弗劳尔把它标作一个可笑的用法错误。现在这种用法仍被广泛地认为是错误的，建议不愿冒险受指责的作者避免使用〔depressed〕Lower in amount, degree, or position:下降的，低的：在数量，程度或身份上降低的：〔slip〕To decline from a former or standard level; fall off.下跌，滑落：从以前的或正常的水平下降；跌落〔remainder〕A book that remains with a publisher after sales have fallen off, usually sold at a reduced price.滞销的存书：在销售下降之后仍然留在出版商手中的书，通常削价出售〔sag〕A temporary decline in monetary value.下跌：钱币价值暂时性下降〔reduction〕a reduction of 12 percent in violent crime.严重犯罪率下降12个百分点〔Adams〕American historian who theorized that civilizations rise and fall according to a pattern of economic growth and decline.亚当斯，布鲁克斯：(1848-1927) 美国历史学家，理论化地阐述了文明随经济的增长与下降的模式而繁荣和衰退〔descent〕from descendre [to descend] * see descend 源自 descendre [下降，走下坡路，传下] * 参见 descend〔landau〕A four-wheeled carriage with front and back passenger seats that face each other and a roof in two sections that can be lowered or detached.双排座活顶四轮马车：一种四轮马车，设有面对面的前后乘客座，两部分的顶棚可以下降或脱卸〔drop〕The act of falling; descent.落：落下的动作；下降〔rain〕To fall like rain:雨点般地落下：象雨一样下降： |
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