| 单词 | 不必要 |
| 释义 | 〔busywork〕Activity, such as schoolwork or office work, meant to take up time but not necessarily yield productive results.无生产性工作，机关工作：占用时间但不必要获得生产结果的活动，如学校工作或机关工作〔worrywart〕One who worries excessively and needlessly.自寻烦恼的人：不必要且过分烦恼的人〔fuss〕A state of excessive and unwarranted concern over an unimportant matter:大惊小怪：对小事表示出过分的或不必要的关心的状态：〔intrude〕To come in rudely or inappropriately; enter as an improper or unwanted element:侵入，闯入，打扰：粗鲁地或不恰当地进入；作为不正确的或不必要的成分进入：〔party〕Party is unexceptionable when used to refer to a participant in a social arrangement, as inShe was not named as a party in the conspiracy. It is this sense that underlies the legal use of the term,as when one speaks of theparties to a contract. The legal use has in turn led to the presence of the word in many fixed expressions,such asinjured party and third party. Butparty is also widely used as a general substitute for person, as inWould all parties who left packages at the desk please reclaim their property. This usage has been established for many centuries,but in the Victorian era it came to be associated with the language of the semieducated(theOxford English Dictionary describes it as "shoppy"), and it has been the subject of many later criticisms.This use ofparty may have been reinforced by its modern adoption by telephone operators. In other contexts,when used in earnest,it may be perceived as a superfluous variant forperson. But the jocular use of the term is well established,particular in references such asa wise old party. Party 用作指一项社会活动的参与者是很常见的， 如她不是这一阴谋的参与者。 正是这一意义构成了这一词的法律用法，如人们说及 parties to a contract 。 这种法律用法反过来又使得这一词出现在许多固定的短语中，如injured party 和 third party。 但party 也被广泛地用于对 person 的泛称， 如在所有将包裹放在桌子上的人请来认领他们的东西。 这种用法已确立了许多个世纪，但在维多利亚时代，它开始与受过部分教育的人的语言联系起来（牛津英语词典 把它描述为“三句话不离本行的”）， 并且它已成为后来许多批判家批评的对象。Party 的这一用法由于话务员的经常采用而被强化了。 在其它的上下文中，当用于严肃的场合时，它可以被视作是person 不必要的变体。 但这一词诙谐的用法确立已久，尤其在提及如一个精明的老人 时 〔protract〕disputants who needlessly protracted the negotiations.那些不必要地延长谈判时间的争论者〔fuss〕Needlessly nervous or useless activity; commotion:忙乱：不必要的紧张或没用的行动；混乱喧闹：〔redundancy〕The usages that critics have condemned as redundancies fall into several classes.In some cases,such asconsensus of opinion, close proximity, hollow tube, and refer back, the use of what is regarded as an unnecessary modifier or qualifier can sometimes be justified on the grounds that it in fact makes a semantic contribution.Thus ahollow tube can be distinguished from one that has been blocked up with deposits, and aconsensus of opinion can be distinguished from a consensus of judgments or practice. In other cases the use of the qualifier is harder to defend.Thus there is no way torevert without reverting back and noconsensus that is not general. · Sometimes recognition of redundancy may require familiarity with a foreign language.The expressionsSierra Mountains and Rio Grande River are indeed redundant for those who know Spanish, but the use of the wordsmountains and river may still serve some purpose when one is addressing an English-speaking audience. Occasionally, what originates as a redundant element may, through long use,become part of the established name of a thing.Thus a reference to the site of a famous World War II battle as "the El Alamein"incorporates three versions of the definite article, in English, Spanish, and Arabic.See Usage Note at close ,consensus ,cross section ,mental telepathy ,rarely ,refer 被评论家指责为冗长和重复的使用方法可分为几类。在某些情况下，如consensus of opinion,、close proximity、 hollow tube 和 refer back ， 这种不必要修饰或限定语的使用有时也不能完全否定，因为它们从语义上说还是有意义的。因此，一个空管子 可以与被装填物堵满的管子相区别， 观点的一致 可以与判断力或惯例的一致相区别。 在其它情况下类似修饰语的使用就不那么容易自圆其说了。因此，没有 reverting back 就没有办法 revert ， 没有 consensus 不是 general。 · 有时辨认出冗余需要对外语很熟悉。对于懂西班牙语的人来说 Sierra Mountains 和 Rio Grande River 这类说法是重复的， 但当对说英语的人讲话时，使用 mountains 和 river 还是有用的。 有时，一个刚产生时是多余的成份经过长时间使用后，可成为一个物体固定的一部分。因此当提到二战时叫做“阿拉曼战役”的著名战役时，在英语、西班牙语和阿拉伯语中的定冠词的三种形式取得了一致 参见 close,consensus,cross section,mental telepathy,rarely,refer〔interfere〕 Interfere andmeddle are sometimes interchangeable. Meddle, however, is the stronger in implying unwanted, unwarranted, or unnecessary intrusion: Interfere 和meddle 有时可互换。 但是meddle 在指不必要的、无正当理由的或非必需的介入时语气较强： 〔condemn〕condemned the needless waste of food.反对不必要的粮食浪费〔boondoggle〕To waste time or money on unnecessary and often counterproductive work.做琐细的事：浪费时间和金钱去做不必要的并常产生相反效果的工作〔obviate〕To anticipate and dispose of effectively; render unnecessary.See Synonyms at prevent 消除，排除：有效地消除和排除；放弃不必要的东西 参见 prevent〔nitpicking〕Minute, trivial, unnecessary, and unjustified criticism or faultfinding.吹毛求疵：琐碎的微不足道的，不必要的且不公平的指责或挑剔〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔needless〕Not needed or wished for; unnecessary.不需要的：不需要的，不想要的；不必要的〔jump〕To raise (a partner's bid) in bridge by more than is necessary.增加叫牌：打桥牌时不必要地加叫（搭档的叫牌）〔adversarial〕"the chasm between management and labor in this country, an often needlessly adversarial . . . atmosphere"(Steve Lohr)“这个国家劳资之间的分歧呈一种通常不必要的敌对…氛围”(史蒂夫·洛尔)〔unnecessary〕Not necessary; needless.不必要的；不是必需的〔dispensable〕dispensable items of personal property.个人财产中不必要的项目〔said〕The adjectivesaid is seldom appropriate to any but legal or business writing, where it is equivalent to aforesaid : the said tenant (named in a lease); said property. In similar general contextssaid is usually unnecessary, andthe tenant or the property will suffice. 形容词said 除了法律或商业用语外很少用，在法律和商业用语中它等于 aforesaid（上述的） ： the said tenant（该承租人） （用于租约）； said property（上述财产）。 在类似的普通语境中said 通常不必要， 只说the tenant 或 the propety 就够了 〔economical〕Intended to save money, as by efficient operation or elimination of unnecessary features; economic:节约的，俭省的：通过高效率的运作和削减不必要的性能来节省费用的；节约的：〔ellipsis〕The omission of a word or phrase necessary for a complete syntactical construction but not necessary for understanding.省略：一个从句法来说是必要的，而从理解来说是不必要的单词或词组的省略〔expose〕To subject to needless risk:使面临：使遭遇不必要的危险：〔strip〕To remove all excess detail from; reduce to essentials.删除：除去一切不必要的细节；使精炼〔utilize〕A number of critics have remarked thatutilize is an unnecessary substitute for use. It is true that many occurrences ofutilize could be replaced by use with no loss to anything but pretentiousness, for example, in sentences such asBarbara utilized (prefer used ) questionable methods in her analysis or We hope that many commuters will continue to utilize (prefer use ) mass transit after the bridge has reopened. Bututilize can mean "to find a profitable or practical use for.” Thus the sentenceThe teachers were unable to use the new computers might mean only that the teachers were unable to turn the computers on, whereasThe teachers were unable to utilize the new computers suggests that the teachers could not find ways to employ the computers in instruction. 一些批评家认为utilize 只是 use 的一个不必要的替换词。 在许多情况下utilize 可以被 use 替代，除了矫饰的风格被去掉之外意思上没有任何减损， 例如：Barbara utilized ( used 更可取） questionable methods in her analysis（芭芭拉在她的分析中用了一些有争议的方法） 或者 We hope that many commuters will continue to utilize ( use 更可取） mass transit after the bridge has reopened（我们希望许多乘公共汽车上下班者在桥重新开通之后仍旧使用公共交通）。 但是utilize 可指“为…找到一种有益的或实用的用途”。 因而下面这句话The teachers were unable to use the new computers（老师们不会使用新电脑） ，有可能指只有这些老师不会打开计算机， 而The teachers were unable to utilize the new computers（老师不会运用新计算机） 暗示了那些老师在指导时不知道如何利用电脑 〔excrescence〕A usually unwanted or unncessary accretion:多余物：通常不想要的或不必要的增长：〔gibberish〕Unnecessarily pretentious or vague language.不必要的自负或模糊的语言〔berth〕Ample space or distance to avoid an unwanted consequence:避开，对…敬而远之：充分的空间或距离以避免不必要的后果：〔dispensable〕Not essential; unimportant:不必要的；不重要的：〔oversell〕To present with excessive or unwarranted enthusiasm; overpraise.过分吹嘘：充满了过分的、不必要的激情；过分称赞，过奖〔fat〕Fleshy implies a not necessarily excessive abundance of flesh: Fleshy 指肉的不必要的过多： 〔purism〕"By purism is to be understood a needless and irritating insistence on purity or correctness of speech"(H.W. Fowler)“纯粹主义被理解为对语言的纯洁性或规范的一种不必要且令人不愉快的坚持”(H.W.福勒)〔giddy〕The wordgiddy refers to fairly lightweight experiences or situations, but at one time it had to do with profundities.Giddy can be traced back to the same Germanic root .gud- that has given us the wordGod. The Germanic word.gudigaz formed on this root meant "possessed by a god.” Such possession can be a rather unbalancing experience,and so it is not surprising that the Old English representative of.gudigaz, gidig, meant "mad, possessed by an evil spirit,” or that the Middle English development ofgidig, gidi, meant the same thing, as well as "foolish; mad (used of an animal); dizzy; uncertain, unstable.”Our sense "lighthearted, frivolous,” represents the ultimate secularization ofgiddy. 单词giddy 完全是指不必要的经历或情况， 但同时与深度有关。Giddy 能被追溯到它的德语词根 gud- ， 从同一词根我们得到单词God 。 德语词gudigaz 由这个词根形成的意思是“由上帝占有”。 这种拥有可以是一种不平衡的经历，所以对于gudigaz ,gidig 在古英语的表达并不奇怪， 意思是“疯狂的，被恶魔占据的”或gidig, gidi 有在中古英语中发展而来的同样的意思， 另外还有“呆的；疯狂的（用于动物）；头晕眼花的；不确定的，不稳定的。”我们“轻浮的，轻佻的”的解释代表了最终世俗化的giddy 〔expendable〕an expendable budget item; expendable personnel.不必要的预算项目；冗员〔newfangled〕New and often needlessly novel.See Synonyms at new 新但无价值的：新的但常是不必要的新奇的 参见 new〔circumlocution〕The use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language.累赘的话：使用不必要的罗嗦且迂回的语言〔boondoggle〕Unnecessary, wasteful, and often counterproductive work.琐细的工作：不必要的、浪费的并常常是产生相反效果的工作〔cavil〕To find fault unnecessarily; raise trivial objections.See Synonyms at quibble 挑剔：不必要地寻找错误；提出琐碎的反对意见 参见 quibble〔streamlined〕Reduced to essentials; lacking anything extra.精简的：去掉不必要东西的没有额外东西的〔pasteurization〕The act or process of heating a beverage or other food, such as milk or beer, to a specific temperature for a specific period of time in order to kill microorganisms that could cause disease, spoilage, or undesired fermentation.巴氏杀菌法：对饮料或其它食物，如牛奶或啤酒，加热到一定温度并持续一段时间以杀死可能导致疾病、变质或不必要的发酵的微生物的行为过程 |
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