| 单词 | 不管 |
| 释义 | 〔despite〕In spite of; notwithstanding:尽管：不管，不加忍受的：〔moot〕Brown will get the money in either case. 不管以那种方式，布朗都能赚钱。 〔wheresoever〕In, to, or from whatever place at all; wherever.无论哪里：根本不管在、到、从什么地方；无论哪里〔hell〕Troubles or difficulties of whatever magnitude:不管多大的困难或麻烦：〔so〕He failed to appear, so we went on without him.他没有出现，因此我们不管他继续走〔matter〕"Yet there isn't a train I wouldn't take,/No matter where it's going"(Edna St. Vincent Millay)“可我会踏上任何一辆火车，不管它去哪里”(埃德娜·圣文森特·米莱)〔warlord〕A military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it.军阀：在某一地区行使行政权力的军事首领，不管其名义上是效忠于国民政府还是反抗它〔however〕However he did it, it was very clever.不管他是怎么做的，他做得很聪明〔follow〕As follows (not as follow ) is the established form of the idiom, no matter whether the noun that precedes it is singular or plural: As follows （不是 as follow ）是惯用语的构成形式， 而不管前面的名词是单数还是复数形式： 〔worse〕For better or worse, he trusts everyone.不管怎么样，他相信每个人〔case〕Regardless of what has occurred or will occur.无论如何，总之：不管已经或将要发生什么〔whether〕Whether she wins or whether she loses, this is her last tournament.不管她是赢是输，这是她的最后一次锦标赛〔historic〕Historicalrefers to whatever existed in the past, whether regarded as important or not: Historical是指不管重要与否而在过去存在的所有事物： 〔send〕We will meet whatever vicissitudes fate may send.不管发生什么样的命运变迁，我们都会迎接挑战的〔stick〕She sticks at nothing—no matter how difficult.她毫不迟疑，不管有多困难〔fly〕"However sophisticated the reasoning, this particular notion may not fly"(New York Times)“不管原因多么错综复杂，这个特定的观念都不能得到赞许”(纽约时报)〔desert〕To withdraw from, especially in spite of a responsibility or duty; forsake:远离，遗弃：远离，尤指不管责任或义务而远离；放弃：〔Windbreaker〕"Whether a trenchcoat, balmacaan or windbreaker, it is a coverup that makes sense"(New York Times)"Politicians love photo opportunities featuring helicopters, devastation and nifty windbreakers"(San Francisco Chronicle)“不管是战壕雨衣、短大衣还是风衣，至少是个管用的遮蔽”(纽约时报)“政治家喜欢以直升飞机、毁坏和时髦的防风茄克衫为主要特征的照片”(旧金山记事)〔hell〕We're staying, come hell or high water.不管有多大的困难，我们都将留下来〔worse〕Whether the situation or consequences be good or ill:不管好坏：不管情况或结果是好是坏：〔anyway〕Get the job done anyway you can.不管以何种方式都得完成这项工作〔tmesis〕Separation of the parts of a compound word by one or more intervening words; for example,where I go ever instead of wherever I go. 插词法：把一个复合词用一个或多个插入词分开；比如，用where I go ever （我走到什么地方都不管）代替 wherever I go （无论我走到哪里） 〔tonic〕Generic terms for carbonated soft drinks vary widely in the United States.Probably the two most common words competing for precedencearesoda, used in the northeast United States, andpop, used from the Midwest westward. In the South all soft drinks,regardless of the flavor or brand name,are referred to ascold drinks. Speakers in Boston and its environs have a term of their own:tonic. Such a variety of regional equivalents is unusual for a product for which advertising is so aggressive and universal;usually advertising has the effect of squeezing out regional variants.On the other hand, because there are so many types and flavors of soft drinks,perhaps no single generic word has ever emerged to challenge the regionalisms.在美国，含碳酸饮料的名称各地截然不同。其中有两个词正竞争着统治地位，一个是用于美国东北部的soda, ， 另一个是用于中西部以西的pop 。 在美国南部，所有的软饮料，不管味道或品牌如何，都统统叫作cold drinks 。 波士顿及其周围地区有其自己的名称：tonic 。 对于一种广告做得满天飞的产品来说，这种各地区名字不同的情况十分不寻常；因为广告通常有减弱方言的作用。另一方面，由于软饮料有如比多的种类和风格，所以可能还没有哪一个泛称能够取代这么多地方变体〔face〕Despite the opposition of; notwithstanding:断然不顾；不管：〔although〕Regardless of the fact that; even though.虽然；即使：不管事实上如何；即使〔whatsoever〕no power whatsoever.不管是什么力量〔whatever〕Bothwhatever and what ever can be used in sentences such as Whatever (or What ever ) made her say that? Critics have occasionally objected to the one-word form,but it is supported by extensive precedent in reputable writing.The same is true of the formswhoever, whenever, wherever, and however when these expressions are used similarly. In adjectival uses only the one-word form is used:Take whatever (not what ever ) books you need. ? When a clause beginning withwhatever is the subject of a sentence, no comma should be used: Whatever you do is right. Otherwise, a comma may be used:Whatever you do, don't burn the toast. ? When the phrase preceding a restrictive clause is introduced bywhichever or whatever, that should not be used in formal writing. It is regarded as incorrect to writewhatever book that you want to look at; one should write insteadWhatever book you want to look at will be sent to your office or Whichever book costs less (not that costs less ) is fine with us. See Usage Note at however ,that whatever 和 what ever 这两个词都可用在例如 Whatever （或 What ever ) made her say that?（究竟是什么使得她说那样的话?） 这样的句子里。 批评家们经常反对单一词形，但有声望作品的大量先例却支持了单词形式。同样地，当whoever, whenever, wherever 及 however 这些表述被用于类似情况时，其情形也是如此。 用作定语时只用单词形式：Take whatever （不是 what ever ） books you need。（拿那些你要的书） ？ whatever 为句首的从句作句子主语时，不能用逗号： Whatever you do is right（无论你做什么都是对的）。 在其他情况可以用逗号：Whatever you do, don't burn the toast（不管你做什么，不要烤糊了吐司） ? 当先于一限定性从句的短语是由whichever 或 whatever引入时， that不能用在正式文体中。 这样的句子：whatever book that you want to look at（无论哪本你想看的书） 是被看作不正确的； 相反应该是Whatever book you want to look at will be sent to your office（你想看的任何一本书都将会送到你的办公室去） 或者 Whichever book costs less （不是 that costs less ) is fine with us（花费少一些的书比较适合我们） 参见 however,that〔Teflon〕"It would make of Gorbachev's stewardship a truly Teflon chairmanship, demonstrating that no Soviet actions, regardless of how egregious, will cling to him"(New Republic)"It's clear that because[he] doesn't aspire to saving the entire human race, he's not going to get what the other leaders get—a coating of moral and political Teflon" (Wall Street Journal)“这会明白戈尔巴乔夫的乘务员职位是真正特氟隆制的主席的职位，表明不管多么异乎寻常，任何苏维埃行动都不会依靠他”(新共和国)“很清楚因为［他］ 不希望拯救整个人类，所以他将不会得到其他领导人所得到的——一个道德和政治的特氟隆涂层” (华尔街期刊)〔mend〕"Whatever thoughts he may have entertained about mending some fences with[them] were banished" (Conor Cruise O'Brien)“不管他曾有过什么与他们 改善关系的想法，这些想法都被排除了” (康纳·克鲁斯·奥布赖恩)〔accomplice〕One who aids or abets a lawbreaker in a criminal act, either as a principal or an accessory.共犯，共同犯罪者：在犯罪行为中，帮助或怂恿罪犯的人，不管是充当主犯还是从犯〔tomato〕It has been said that the real contributions to world civilization were made by the unknown inhabitants of the Americas who domesticated plants such as the potato and squash and not by the great pre-Columbian civilizations, including that of the Aztecs.The tomato was another contribution,its name coming ultimately from the Nahuatl language spoken by the Aztecs as well as by other groups in Mexico and Central America.The Spanish, who conquered the area, brought back the tomato to Spain and,borrowing the Nahuatl wordtomatl for it, named ittomate, a form shared in French, Portuguese, and early Modern English.Tomate, first recorded in 1604, gave way totomato, a form created in English either because it was assumed to be Spanish or under the influence of the wordpotato. In any case,as is well known,people resisted eating this New World food at first because its membership in the Nightshade family made it suspect,but it is now eaten throughout the worldwhile Aztec civilization is memorialized by ruins.据说对世界文明真正作出贡献的并非是包括阿兹特克文明在内的哥伦布到达前的美洲文明，而是那些家庭种植土豆、南瓜等的不知名的美洲居民。西红柿是其中的另一贡献，它的名字最终的来源是阿兹特克人和其他墨西哥和中美洲居民使用的纳瓦特尔语。征服了该地区的西班牙人把西红柿带回了西班牙，并且借用了纳瓦特尔语的单词tomatl ， 把它称作tomate ， 这个形式为法语、葡萄牙语和早期现代英语所通用。Tomate ，最早记录于1604年， 后来被英语中诞生的一个形式tomato 所取代。 取代的原因可能是因为形式上更象西班牙语或是因为受单词potato 的影响。 不管怎么样，就像我们知道的，由于它属于茄科使它受到怀疑，人们起初拒绝吃它，不过现在全世界的人们都在吃西红柿，而阿兹特克文明都只存在于废墟之中了〔gremlin〕Elves, goblins, and trolls seem to be the timeless creations of the distant past,but gremlins were born in the 20th century.In fact,gremlin is first recorded only in the 1920's, as a Royal Air Force term for a low-ranking officer or enlisted man saddled with oppressive assignments. Said to have been invented by members of the Royal Naval Air Service in World War I,gremlin is used in works written in the 1940's for "an imaginary gnomelike creature who causes difficulties in aircraft.”The word seems likely to have been influenced bygoblin, but accounts of its origin are various and none are certain.One source calls in Fremlin beer bottles to explain the word;another, the Irish Gaelic wordgruaimín, "ill-humored little fellow.” Whatever the word's origin,it is certain that gremlins have taken on a life of their own.小精灵、小妖怪和侏儒似乎很久以前就被创造出来而且流传至今，而小妖精一词则是20世纪的产物。事实上，gremlin 在20世纪20年代首次被记录下来时为皇家空军对一个承受严酷任务的低级军官或征召者的称呼。 据说这是在第一次世界大战中由皇家空军的成员创造出来的。1904年，gremlin 被用在书面的作品中， 意为“一种想象中的在飞机上制造麻烦的小生物。”这个词看起来很有可能受了goblin 一词的影响， 但对其词源说法不一，莫衷一是。一种说法用弗来姆林啤酒瓶来解释这一词；而另一种认为爱尔兰凯尔特语词汇gruaimin 意为“坏脾气的小家伙”为其词源。 不管源自何处，有一点是肯定的，小妖精自身有其生命力〔anywise〕In any case.不论怎么说，不管以何种方式〔intrapreneur〕The wordentrepreneur is more than 150 years old, having come into English from French in 1828.But it is not until very recently that we find its intracorporate counterpart,intrapreneur, meaning "a person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation.”This coinage is generally attributed to management consultant Gifford Pinchot,author of the 1985 book entitledIntrapreneuring; others insist its true originator was Norman Macrae, deputy editor of theEconomist, although Macrae himself denies it.Still, whatever its exact source,in the scant number of years since its inception the termintrapreneur has gained currency very quickly. It has also given rise to various derivatives,such as the aforementioned gerundintrapreneuring, the noun intrapreneurship (as in a September 30, 1985, interview with Stephen Jobs inNewsweek : "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship—only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company"),the adjectiveintrapreneurial, and another noun, intrapreneurialism ("what has become known as intrapreneurialism, where people within the corporation acquire more adventurous small business outlooks,” by Ian Hamilton-Fazy in "An Uneasy Co-existence,”Financial Times, October 23, 1984). Broad use of a word and the development of numerous derivatives are strong signals predicting staying power within the language.Intrapreneur and its spinoffs are of particular interest to etymologists and lexicographers because they illustrate the constant changes inherent in a living language.entrepreneur 一词已有150多年的历史， 于1828年从法语传入英语。但是直到最近我们才发现其在公司内部的对应人物intrapreneur ， 意为“对通过果断地承担风险和革新使想法变为有利可图的成品这一过程承担直接责任的大公司里的高级成员”。这个新造的词普遍认为应归功于业务顾问吉福德·平肖，1985年出版的名为Intrapreneuring 一书的作者； 其他人坚持其真正的发明者是经济学家 杂志的副编辑诺曼·麦克里， 虽然麦克里本人否认这一点。然而，不管其准确的起源是什么，自它开始出现以来的短短几年中，intrapreneur 一词已很快流行开来。 它同样产生了多个衍生词，例如前面提到的动名词intrapreneuring ，名词 intrapreneurship （例如新闻周刊 于1985年9月30日斯蒂芬·乔布斯的采访中： “马金托什队通常地以出色的企业运作而闻名——仅仅是这个词条被发明的几年前——一群实质上是回到汽车房的人，而现在不过是大公司的汽车房罢了”），形容词intraprenurial 以及另一个名词 intrapreneurialim （以企业运作主义出名的地方，在那儿公司内部的职员获得更为冒险的商业前景”，伊恩·汉密尔顿一费茨的“不稳定的共存”，金融时报 1984年10月23日出版）。 一个词的广泛运用以及无数派生词的产生是预示语言内部持久力的强烈的信号。词源学家以及词典编纂者对intrpreneur 以及它的派生词产生了独特的兴趣， 因为它们说明现用语言所固有的持续不断的变化〔paddy〕Rice, especially in the husk, whether gathered or still in the field.稻谷：稻谷，尤指有壳的，不管是收割了还是仍在田地里〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔firstly〕Whichever is chosen, however, consistency is best served if any succeeding items are introduced by a parallel form,as in first . . . second . . . third or firstly . . . secondly . . . thirdly. 不管选用了哪个词，如果后面还有并列列举的条目，要符合一致性原则，例如 first…second…third 或者用 firstly…secondly…thirdly 〔unflappable〕Persistently calm, whether when facing difficulties or experiencing success; not easily upset or excited:不易惊慌的；镇定的：持久地沉着的，不管是在面对困难或经受成功时；不容易心烦意乱或激动的：〔either〕When the construction mixes singular and plural elements, however,there is some confusion as to which form the verb should take.It has sometimes been suggested that the verb should agree with whichever noun phrase is closest to it;thus one would writeEither Eve or the Kays have been invited, butEither the Kays or Eve has been invited. This pattern is accepted by 54 percent of the Usage Panel.Others have maintained that the construction is fundamentally inconsistent whichever number is assigned to the verband that such sentences should be rewritten accordingly.As Wilson Follett put it:然而，当结构中既有单数又有复数成分的时候，动词应采取什么形式说法不定。人们有时建议动词的人称和数应与离得最近的名词短语呼应；因此人们说Either Eve or the Kays have been invited ， 而不是Either the Kays or Eve has been invited 。 这种格式被用法使用小组54的成员所接受。也有人认为不管动词用什么样的数， 这个结构本质上都是一致的，因此这样的句子应重写。象威尔逊·伏莱特所说的：〔medium〕The etymologically plural formmedia is often used as a singular to refer to a particular means of communication,as inThis is the most exciting new media since television. This usage is widely regarded as incorrect;medium is preferred. A stronger case can be made in defense of the use ofmedia as a collective term, as inThe media has not shown much interest in covering the issue. As with the analogous wordsdata and agenda, the originally plural form has begun to acquire a sense that departs from that of the singular: used as a collective term,media denotes an industry or community. Thus the example sentence given here would not be appropriately paraphrased asNo medium has shown much interest in covering the issue, which suggests that the disinclination abides in the means of communication itselfrather than in its practitioners.Ifmedia follows the pattern of data and agenda, this singular use may become entirely acceptable someday.But despite its utility,many people still regard it as a grammatical error.语源复数形式media 常用作单数， 用来指传播手段中的某一种，例如在下面这是自电视出现以来最激动人心的新式传媒 的句子中。 许多人都认为这一用法是不正确的；他们还是喜欢用medium 这一单数形式。 我们能提出更为有力的例子来为media 作为集合名词的用法进行辩护， 如下面的句子：大众传媒对于报道这一事件没有表现出多大兴趣 。 正如类似于原为复数形式的其他两个词data 和 agenda 已经开始具有其单数形式的含义： 用作集合名词的media 现在则可以指传播工业或共同体。 这样的话，我们刚才给出的例句就不能改成如下形式：没有传媒对报道这一事件表现出很大兴趣 ， 因为这样改动后，这句话所表示的是传播工具本身的不愿意，而不是业者的不愿意。如果media 也象 data 和 agenda 那样， 那么它作为单数形式的用法总有一天会被完全接受的。但是不管它的实用性大小，许多人仍将其视为一个语法错误 |
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