| 单词 | 不需要 |
| 释义 | 〔slough〕To discard as undesirable or unfavorable; get rid of:抛弃，丢弃：因为不需要或不利而抛弃；除去：〔hike〕To leave because one's presence is unwanted. Often used in the imperative.回避：因别人不需要所以离开，经常用于命令句中〔that〕The standard rule isthatthat should be used only to introduce a restrictive (or "defining") relative clause, which serves to identify the entity being talked about;in this useit should never be preceded by a comma.Thus, we sayThe house that Jack built has been torn down, where the clausethat Jack built tells which house was torn down, orI am looking for a book that is easy to read, wherethat is easy to read tells what kind of book is desired. Onlywhich is to be used with nonrestrictive (or "nondefining") clauses, which give additional information about an entity that has already been identified in the context;in this use,which is always preceded by a comma. Thus, we sayThe students in Chemistry 10 have been complaining about the textbook, which (not that ) is hard to follow. The clausewhich is hard to follow does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if it were omitted,we would know that the phrasethe textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 10. The use ofthat in nonrestrictive clauses like this, though once common in writing and still frequent in speech,is best avoided in formal style. ·Some grammarians have argued that symmetry requires thatwhich should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses, asthat is to be used only in restrictive clauses. Thus, they suggest that we should avoid sentences such asI need a book which will tell me all about city gardening, where the clausewhich will tell me all about city gardening indicates which sort of book is needed. Such use ofwhich is useful where two or more relative clauses are joined by and or or, as inIt is a philosophy in which the common man may find solace and which many have found reason to praise. Which is also preferred to introduce a restrictive relative clausewhen the preceding phrase itself contains athat, as inI can only give you that which I don't need (not that that I don't need ) or We want to assign only that book which will be most helpful (preferred tothat book that will be most helpful ). · That may be omitted in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the referent of the phrase preceding the clause. Thus, we may say eitherthe book that I was reading or the book I was reading, where the subject of the clause (I ) is not the referent of the phrase the book. Omission ofthat in these cases has sometimes been described as incorrect, but the practice is extremely common and has ample precedent in reputable writing. ·There have also been occasional objections to the omission ofthat in its use to introduce a subordinate clause, as inI think we should try again. But this usage is entirely idiomatic and is in fact favored with some of the verb phrases that can introduce such clauses:thus, one would more normally write 标准规则中，that 应只被用于引导限定性（或“确定的”）关系从句， 这些从句用于明确正被谈论的实体；在这种情况下，前面决不能有逗号。因此，我们说杰克建的房子已经拆毁了 ， 在这里，从句杰克所建的 指明哪幢房子被拆毁了， 或者我正在找一本易读的书 ， 在这里，易读的 指明哪类书是需要的。 只有which 用于非限定性（或“不确定的”）从句中， 为已经在上下文中定义的实体提供附加信息；在此用法中，which 之前总有逗号。 因此，我们说化学10班的学生一直在抱怨这课本，实在 （不是 that ) 是太难懂了 。 从句which is hard to follow 并不指明哪一课本被抱怨； 即使它被省略，我们也知道the textbook 指化学10班的课本。 That 象这样用于非限定性从句中， 虽然在写作中曾很普遍而且在口语中依然频繁出现，但在正式文体中最好避免使用。一些语法学家认为对称性要求which 应只用于非限定性从句中， 就象that 只用于限定性从句中。 因此，他们建议我们应该避免诸如我需要一本关于城市园艺的书 这样的句子， 这里从句which will tell me all about city gardening 指明需要何种书。 当两个或多个关系从句被and 或 or 连接时， which 的这种用法很有用， 如是哲学使普通人找到慰藉并使许多人有理由去称颂。 Which 也用作引导限定性关系从句，在当前置短语中含有that 时， 如我只能给你我不需要的东西 （不是 that that I don't need )或 我们只想分发那本最用的书 （好于that book that will be most helpful )。 当从句主语与从句前短语所指不一致时，that 在关系从句中可以省略。 因此，我们可以说the book that I was reading 或者 the book I was reading 。 在这里，从句主语(I )和短语 the book 的主语不同。 在这些情况下，that 的省略有时被认为是错误的， 但是这在实际中极普遍而且在规范写作中有充分的先例。对于that 用于引导从句时被省略偶然持有异议， 如在我认为我们应该再试一次 中。 但这种用法完全符合语法而且实际上有一些引导这样从句的短语支持；因此，可以正常应用 〔easy〕Requiring or exhibiting little effort or endeavor; undemanding:轻松的：不需要或不费多大劲的；不费劲的：〔need〕Note also that the use ofneed as an auxiliary is often accompanied by a presupposition that the activity in question has in fact been performed.The boys needn't have spoken frankly implies that they did in fact speak frankly, whereas the sentenceThe boys did not need to speak frankly does not; only the latter could be followed by a clauselikethey conveyed their meanings by indirection. 还需注意need 用作助动词时经常伴随一个先决条件， 质问的动作事实上已经完成了。那些男孩们本来不需要坦诚相告的 意味着他们事实上已经坦率地说了， 然而这个句子男孩们不需要坦诚地说话 就没有这个意思； 只有后者可以在其后跟这样一个句子，如他们间接地表达他们的意思 〔ketamine〕A general anesthetic given intravenously or intramuscularly and used especially for minor surgical procedures in which muscle relaxation is not required.凯特明：注射于静脉或是肌肉的麻醉剂，特别是用在不需要肌肉松弛的小型手术程序中〔needless〕Not needed or wished for; unnecessary.不需要的：不需要的，不想要的；不必要的〔reinvent〕To do something again, from the beginning, especially in a needless or inefficient effort:重做：从头开始重新做某事，特别是不需要的或无效率的努力：〔mainstream〕"You need not accept the nominee's ideology, only be able to locate it in the American mainstream"(Charles Krauthammer)“你不需要接受被提名者的意识形态，就能将其思想置于美国的思潮主流中”(查尔斯·克劳萨默)〔dreg〕The basest or least desirable portion. Often used in the plural:糟粕：最低劣或最不需要的部分。常用复数：〔unskilled〕Requiring no training or skill:简单劳动的：不需要训练或技术的：〔interloper〕The wordinterloper comes to us from the days when England was embarking on the course that would lead to the British Empire. Interloper, first recorded in connection with the Muscovy Company, which was the earliest major English trading company (chartered in 1555),was soon being used as well in regard to the East India Company (chartered in 1600).Since these companies were monopolies,independent traders calledinterlopers were not wanted. The term is probably partly derived from Dutch,the language of one of the great trade rivals of the English at that time.Theinter- is simply a use of the prefix inter-, which English has borrowed from Latin,meaning "between, among.”The element-loper is probably related to the same element in landloper, "vagabond,” a word adopted from Dutchlandlooper, with the same sense and composed ofland, "land,” and lōper, from lōpen, "to run, leap.” The wordinterloper, first recorded around 1590, was too useful in a world of busybodies to be restricted to its original specialized senseand came to be used in the extended sense "busybody" in the 17th century.单词interloper 起源于英格兰向大英帝国演化的年代。 有关interloper 的记载最早与曼斯可维公司有联系。 这家公司是英国早期的主要贸易公司（设立于1555年）。随后这词又用于与东印度公司（设立于1600年）有关的方面。因为这两家公司都是垄断企业，因而不需要称interlopers 为独立经营者。 这一词条可能部分来源于荷兰语，当时英国主要贸易对手之一的语言。inter- 只是简单地作为前缀 inter- 使用， 这前缀是英语以拉丁语借用过来的，意为“在…之间，在…当中。”词素-loper 可能与“流浪汉” landloper 中的相同词素有关， 这个词从荷兰语landlooper 吸收过来， 意义不变，由“土地”land 和来自 lopen 意为“跑，跳”的 loper 组成。 interloper 一词最早约记载于1590年， 在充满多事者的世界里极为有用以致于不能局限于其原来的专有意思，在17世纪逐渐使用其引申义“爱管闲事的人”〔pollute〕To make less suitable for an activity, especially by the introduction of unwanted factors:玷污：使不太适宜于某一活动，尤其指通过引进不需要的因素：〔gantlet〕A section of double railroad tracks formed by the temporary convergence of two parallel tracks in such a way that each set remains independent while traversing the same ground, affording passage at a narrow place without need of switching.套式铁轨：一段铁路轨道，其中两股道由于两条平行轨道暂时会聚而重叠，并使得每一股轨道都各有一根钢轨位于另一股轨道的两根钢轨之间，使得在狭窄的地方不需要换轨〔throw〕To discard something valuable along with something not desired, usually unintentionally.把有价值的东西和不需要的东西一起扔掉，通常指无意地〔need〕He doesn't need to go. 他不需要走。 〔mahjong〕A game of Chinese origin usually played by four persons with tiles resembling dominoes and bearing various designs, which are drawn and discarded until one player wins with a hand of four combinations of three tiles each and a pair of matching tiles.麻将牌：一种由四个人玩的起源于中国的游戏，有多米诺骨牌般绘有各种图案的骨牌，每人轮流抓牌并扔出不需要的牌，直到有一个人有了四幅三个顺连牌和一幅成对牌时才算结束〔valence〕"I do not claim to know much more about novels than the writing of them, but I cannot imagine one set in the breathing world which lacks any moral valence"(Robert Stone)“我从不敢声称我对小说的了解远远超过我所写的小说本身，但我不能想象一个人活在这个世界上可以不需要任何精神上的依托”(罗伯特·斯通)〔wasted〕Needless or superfluous:多余的：不需要的或多余的：〔lack〕I lacked for nothing.我不需要任何东西〔neutralize〕 Counteract frequently implies the opposition of forces thought of as being desirable and undesirable;it may suggest action taken as a corrective measure: Counteract 通常指需要或不需要的相反力量，暗示一种作为修正标准的行为： 〔shed〕To rid oneself of (something not wanted or needed):去除：除去（不想要或不需要的东西）：〔what〕What remains and need not be mentioned:等等：剩下的不需要提及的：〔undesirable〕Not wanted:不合意的；不需要的：〔need〕I don't need to (not needn't ) be told how to manage my own affairs. 我不需要（而不是 needn't ) 被告诉怎知管理自己的事情 。 〔intoxicate〕"a man whom life intoxicates, who has no need of wine"(Anaïs Nin)“受生命鼓舞的人不需要酒”(阿奈斯·尼恩)〔surgicenter〕A surgical facility for operations that do not require hospitalization.手术中心：不需要住院的外科手术室〔relieve〕"No arguments shall be wanting on my part that can alleviate so severe a misfortune" (Jane Austen).Toassuage is to soothe or make milder: “对我来说要减轻如此严重的不幸，不需要任何争论” （简·奥斯汀）。Assuage 是抚慰或使更适度： 〔shirtsleeve〕Also shirtsleeves Calling for the removal of a coat or jacket; not requiring a coat or jacket for comfort: 也作 shirtsleeves 脱去外衣的，无需穿外衣的：需要脱掉上衣或夹克衫的；为了舒适不需要穿上衣或夹克的：〔uninvited〕Not welcome or wanted:没被邀请的：不欢迎或不需要的：〔excrescence〕"Independent agencies were an excrescence on the Constitution"(Los Angeles Times)“独立的代理处是宪法不需要的东西”(洛杉矶时报) |
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