| 单词 | 世界 |
| 释义 | 〔workaday〕"the practical, workaday world, of . . . ordinary undistinguished things"(Lionel Trilling)“普通平凡事物的实际而世俗的世界”(赖恩内尔·特里林)〔record〕a world record in weightlifting; a record for cold weather.某项举重的世界记录；天气寒冷的记录〔taboo〕Among the many discoveries of Capt. James Cook was a linguistic one, the termtaboo. Cook used this word in his journal of 1777while he was in the Friendly Islands (now Tonga).Hence, even though similar words occur in other Polynesian languages,the formtaboo from Tongan tabu is the form we have borrowed. The Tongans usedtabu as an adjective; they spoke of persons or things that weretabu, that is, "under prohibition, forbidden, or set apart. ”Cook, besides borrowing the word into English,also made it into a noun referring to the prohibition itselfand a verb meaning "to make someone or something taboo.”From its origins in Polynesian society the wordtaboo has spread throughout the English-speaking world and has been applied in ways that never occurred to the people from whom Cook originally borrowed it.詹姆士·库克船长的许多发现中有一个是语言上的，即taboo 这个词。 库克在他1777年的航海日志中使用了这个词，当时他在弗兰德里群岛（现在的汤加）。因此，虽然相似的词也曾出现在其它的波利尼亚语言中，但是从汤加语的tabu 发展而来的 taboo 这一形式就成了我们所借用的形式。 汤加人将tabu 用作一个形容词； 他们谈论某人或某事是tabu 的， 即意味着它们是“处于禁令下的、被禁止的或和别人分开对待的”。库克除了把这个词借用到英语中，还把它变成了一名词，表示禁止，也把它用作一个动词，意为“使其人或某事成为禁忌”。起源于波利尼西亚社会的taboo 这一词已在说英语的世界中被广为使用， 而它的一些用法是库克当年向其借用该词的人们所从未想到的〔cosmos〕The universe regarded as an orderly, harmonious whole.宇宙：被认为是一个有秩序和协调的整体的世界〔interdependent〕"Today, the mission of one institution can be accomplished only by recognizing that it lives in an interdependent world with conflicts and overlapping interests"(Jacqueline Grennan Wexler)“今天一个机构只有认识到它是处在冲突和利益的交叉存在，又是相互依存的世界里，它才能完成自己的使命”(杰奎琳·格瑞南·韦克斯勒)〔Heifetz〕Russian-born American violinist. Considered among the world's best violinists at the age of 13, he matured into a great artist, tempering his virtuoso technique with thoughtful interpretation.海费兹，杰什查：(1901-1987) 俄裔美籍小提琴家。年仅十三岁时就已被认为是世界上最优秀的小提琴家，后成为一代大师，将他大师级的演奏技巧和思想理解揉和在一起〔cocooning〕Retreat into the privacy of one's own home during leisure time as a means of insulating oneself from what is perceived to be a harsh, unpredictable world:作茧包藏：在闲暇时退到自己家中隐居，作为使自己与觉察到的严厉的、无法预料的世界隔离的手段：〔ostrich〕A large, swift-running flightless bird(Struthio camelus) of Africa, characterized by a long bare neck, small head, and two-toed feet. It is the largest living bird. 鸵鸟：非洲一种体形巨大、不会飞但奔跑迅捷的鸟（鸵鸟） ，特征为脖子长而无毛、头小、脚有两趾。是世界上存活着的最大的鸟 〔opinion〕"The world is not run by thought, nor by imagination, but by opinion"(Elizabeth Drew)“世界不是依思想和想象而转移，而是因信念而生生不息”(伊丽莎白·德鲁)〔biophilia〕An appreciation of life and the living world.生物自卫，生物本能：对生命及生物世界的热爱〔transient〕"This false world is but transitory" (William Dunbar). “这个虚幻的世界只是昙花一现” （威廉·邓巴）。 〔otherworld〕A world or existence beyond earthly reality.非现实世界：现实以外的世界或存在〔Spackle〕A trademark used for a powder to be mixed with water or a ready-to-use plastic paste designed to fill cracks and holes in plaster before painting or papering. This trademark often occurs in lowercase in print:"In the Sierra . . . the snow generally is the consistency of spackle" (San Francisco Chronicle). It also occurs as a verb in various contexts: "Two young men quietly spackled and whitewashed the walls . . . for an exhibition" (New York Times). "Support compensates, underpins, retrofits, translates, spackles, patches and reinforces" (Computerworld). The trademark has also generated a derivative noun: 斯百克填料：一种涂料粉的商标，用水或即用石膏泥与粉末合成，用以在作画或裱纸前填补石膏上的裂缝或洞眼。该商标印刷时通常以小写字母排印：“在塞拉…雪花通常都是斯百克填料组成的” （旧金山年鉴）。该词同时也在各种文本中以动词出现： “两个年轻人静静地抹墙并把墙刷白…为了展览” （纽约时报）。 “支持可以补偿、巩固、翻新、转化、填补、修补和加强” （计算机世界）。此商标还派生出一名词： 〔Duran〕Panamanian prizefighter who is one of only four to hold world titles at four different weights: lightweight (1972-1979), welterweight (1980), junior middleweight (1983), and middleweight (1989-1990).杜兰，罗伯托：巴拿马职业拳击手，在四个不同重量级拥有世界冠军称号的仅有的四个职业拳击手之一：轻量级（1972-1979），次中量级（1980），初中量级（1983）与中量级（1989-1990）〔Thule〕A Native American culture that spread eastward across coastal Arctic regions to eastern Canada and Greenland from its beginnings in the Bering Strait region, flourishing from about 1000 to 1600.世界最北区：美洲原住民文化，从其在白令海峡地区的起源地，向东延伸，覆盖从北极沿海地区到加拿大东部以及格陵兰的区域，其昌盛时期约为1000年至1600年间〔ultramundane〕mundānus [of the world] * see mundane mundānus [世界的] * 参见 mundane〔fantasyland〕the fantasyland of an operetta; television's latest excursion into fantasyland; a fantasyland on the order of Versailles.轻喜剧的场地；电视走入幻化世界；凡尔赛宫之类的神奇宫殿〔Hangzhou〕A city of eastern China at the head ofHangzhou Bay, an inlet of the East China Sea. Founded in 606, the city was the capital of a powerful kingdom from 907 to 960. It was later described by Marco Polo as one of the finest and noblest cities in the world. Today it is a modern industrial center and the capital of Zhejiang province. Population, 1,250,000. 杭州：中国东部杭州湾 顶端的一座城市。它始建于606年，从公元907年到公元960年它是一个强大王国的首都。 后来它被马可·波罗形容为世界上最美丽、最壮观的城市之一。今天它是现代化的工业中心，也是浙江省的省会。人口1,250,000 〔Frazier〕American prizefighter who won the Olympic heavyweight title (1964) and held the world professional heavyweight title from 1970 to 1973.弗雷泽，乔：(生于 1944) 美国职业拳击家，赢得奥林匹克重量级拳击运动员的称号(1964年），并从1970年到1973年一直拥有着世界职业重量级拳击运动员的称号〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔if〕With all deference to the traditional rules governing the use of the subjunctive,it should be noted that a survey of the prose of reputable writers over the past 200 years would reveal a persistent tendency to use the indicativewas where the traditional rule would require the subjunctive were. A sentence beginningIf I was the only boy in the world, while not strictly correct, is wholly unremarkable. But the corresponding practice of using the subjunctive in place of the indicative may be labeled a hypercorrection. ·In spoken Englishthere is a growing tendency to usewould have in place of the subjunctive in contrary-to-fact clauses, as inif I would have been the President, but this usage is still widely considered incorrect.See Usage Note at doubt ,should ,wish 在与指导虚拟语气使用方法的传统规则相冲突的一系列不同用法中，我们应注意到一项对过去200年散文作家的调查显示，在传统语法要求使用虚拟式的were 的情况下，有一种持久的使用直陈式 was 的趋势。 一句用假如我是世界上唯一的男孩 开头的句子不会引起人们的注意。 而一定要把其中的直陈式换成虚拟式就显得矫正过了头。在英语口语中，在与事实相反的从句中，使用would have 一词的趋势有所增加， 例如如果我会是总统， 但这种用法仍然被大多数人认为是不正确的 参见 doubt,should,wish〔Malamud〕American writer whose novels and short stories often depict Jewish characters coping with a lonely and seemingly unfair world. His works includeThe Magic Barrel (1958) and The Fixer (1966). 马拉默德，伯纳德：(1914-1986) 美国作家，其小说和短篇故事常常描述犹太人与寂寞而又似不公平的世界作斗争的故事。他的作品包括《魔桶》 （1958年）和 《修配工》 （1966年） 〔junk〕The wordjunk is an example of the change in meaning known as generalization, and very aptly too, since the amount of junk in the world seems to be generalizing and proliferating rapidly. The Middle English wordjonk, ancestor of junk, originally had a very specific meaning restricted to nautical terminology.First recorded in 1353,the word meant "an old cable or rope.”On a sailing ship it made little sense to throw away useful materialsince considerable time might pass before one could get new supplies.Old cable was used in a variety of ways,for example, to make fenders,that is, material hung over the side of the ship to protect it from scraping other ships or wharves.Junk came to refer to this old cable as well. The big leap in meaning taken by the word seems to have occurred whenjunk was applied to discarded but useful material in general. This extension may also have taken place in a nautical context,for the earliest, more generalized use ofjunk is found in the compound junk shop, referring to a store where old materials from ships were sold.Junk has gone on to mean useless waste as well. Junk 一词是被称为词义扩大化的例子；由于世界上垃圾的数量正在迅速扩散和激增，该词词义的扩大也是很适宜的。 junk 一词源自古英语单词 jonk ， 其最初的意思只限于航海术语当中。1353年首次记载下来时，该词义为“旧缆绳或旧绳子”。在帆船上，扔掉有用的东西是不明智的，因为也许要过去好长一段时间才有可能得到新的供应品。旧缆绳可用在很多不同的方面，例如用来做防撞物，即悬在船舷上保护船舷不受其它船只或码头刮擦的材料。Junk 同样也用来指旧缆绳。 当junk 普遍地被用来指丢弃了的然而有用的材料时，该词的词义发生了巨大的变化。 该词的词义延伸也可能已经出现在与航海有关的背景中，因为junk 一词最早的、更为概括性的使用是在 junk shop 这一复合词中发现的。 该词指出售船上旧材料的商店。Junk 仍继续用来指没用的废旧物品 〔automatic〕The wordsautomatic pilot or automatic transmission bring to mind mechanical devices that operate with minimal human intervention. Yet the wordautomatic, which goes back to the Greek word automatos, "acting of one's own will, self-acting, of itself,” made up of two parts,auto-, "self,” and -matos, "willing,” is first recorded in English in 1748 with reference to motions of the body, such as the peristaltic action of the intestines: "The Motions are called automatic from their Resemblance to the Motions of Automata, or Machines, whose Principle of Motion is within themselves.”Although the writer had machines in mind,automatic could be used of living things, a use we still have, although not the primary one. The association ofautomatic chiefly with machinery may represent one instance of many in which we have come to see the world in mechanical terms. 这些单词automatic pilot 或 automatic transmission 带给我们只需最小人力介入即可操作的机械装置的意识。 但这个词automatic， 追溯至希腊单词 automatos， “以个人自身的意志行动，自我行动，” 由两部分组成，auto-， “自我的，”和 -matos， “意愿，” 以作为身体运动的含义于1748年首次记录于英语，如体内的肠蠕动： “这些运动被称为身体内自动的运动，是与机器运动的相似性得出的，其运动原理在于其自身内部。”虽然作者头脑中有机器印象，automatic 可以被用于生物，这种用法虽然不是基本的，但我们仍在使用。 主要将automatic 与机器相联系可能反映了我们眼中的世界越加机械化的情况 〔Patterson〕American prizefighter who held the world heavyweight title from 1956 to 1959 and 1960 to 1962.帕特森，弗洛伊德：(生于 1935) 美国职业拳击家，他拥有1956年到1959年和1960年到1962年的世界重量级拳王称号〔detective〕The first detective may have come into existence before the word itself.C. Auguste Dupin, Edgar Allan Poe's hero in "The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” which is considered the world's first real detective story,was introduced to the world in 1841.Nine years later we find the first recorded instance of the worddetective, although the phrases detective police and detective policeman, from which it was shortened, are recorded first in 1843. Hence, Dupin precedes all recorded instances ofdetective, just as he precedes all other detectives.第一个侦探在“侦探“这个词出现以前就出现了。C·奥古斯·杜平，埃德加·爱波·伦的小说《莫格街谋杀案》（这本书被认为是世界上第一本真正的侦探小说）中的主人公，在1841年被介绍给全世界。虽然词条detective police 和 detective policeman (detective就是这两者的缩写）首次被记载是在1843年，但九年后，我们才找到对 detective 这个词的第一次记载。 迄今为止，杜平最早记载detective ， 正如他就是最早的侦探一样〔Europe〕The sixth-largest continent, extending west from the Dardanelles, Black Sea, and Ural Mountains. It is technically a vast peninsula of the Eurasian land mass.欧洲：世界第六大洲，位于达达尼尔海峡、黑海和乌拉尔山脉以西，严格意义上说它是亚欧大陆板块延伸出的一巨大的半岛〔ornament〕a ballerina who is an ornament to the world of dance.芭蕾舞者是为舞蹈世界增光添彩的人〔catholic〕Including or concerning all humankind; universal:全人类的，世界的：包括或涉及所有人类的；宇宙的：〔Barnum〕American showman who established The Greatest Show on Earth (1871), which was merged with its major competition (1881) to form the Barnum and Bailey Circus.巴纳姆，菲（尼斯）·泰（勒）：(1810-1891) 美国马戏团节目演出经理人，建立了世界大马戏团（1871年），（1881年）与其主要竞争对手合并形成巴纳姆贝利马戏团〔existentialism〕A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts.存在主义：一种强调在怀有敌意或冷漠的世界中个人经历的独特性和孤立性的哲学，它认为人的存在是不可解释的，并强调选择的自由和对自己行为的结果负责〔Henderson〕British politician who was president of the World Disarmament Conference (1932-1935). He won the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize.亨德森，阿瑟：(1863-1935) 英国政治家，曾为世界裁军大会(1932-1935年）的主席。他获1934年诺贝尔和平奖〔ax〕Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both āscian and ācsian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines "I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf" and "Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 āscian 和 ācsian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ："I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和"Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 〔inflexible〕The child's misery would move even the most obdurate heart. See also Synonyms at stiff 这个孩子所受的苦难会打动世界上最冷酷的心 参见同义词 stiff〔mundane〕from mundus [world] 源自 mundus [世界] 〔Haywood〕American labor leader. A socialist who helped found the Industrial Workers of the World (1905), he was ejected from the Socialist Party for his militant views (1912) and was convicted of sedition during World War I. He fled to the Soviet Union in 1921.海伍德，威廉·达德利：(1869-1928) 美国劳工领袖，1905年帮助建立了世界产业工人组织的社会主义者，1912年因其好战观点而被逐出社会党，在第一次世界大战期间被判煽动罪，1921年逃往苏联〔universe〕The earth together with all its inhabitants and created things.世界：地球及其上面的所有居住者和被创造的事物〔Kafka〕Austrian writer whose stories, such as "The Metamorphosis" (1916), and novels, includingThe Trial (1925) and The Castle (1926), concern troubled individuals in a nightmarishly impersonal world. 卡夫卡，弗朗兹：(1883-1924) 奥地利作家，其短篇小说，如《变形记》（1916年），和长篇小说，包括《判决》 （1925年）和 《城堡》 （1926年），都涉及到荒诞离奇的异化世界里忧心忡忡的个人 〔literally〕"There are people in the world who literally do not know how to boil water"(Craig Claiborne)“世界上确实有不知道该怎么烧水的人”(克雷格·克莱本)〔precedence〕Our company will continue to assert its precedence as the world's leading manufacturer of pharmaceuticals.我们公司由于在世界药品生产中的领先地位而将继续断言其优先权 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。