| 单词 | 世纪之 |
| 释义 | 〔distant〕a civilization ten centuries removed from modern times;距现代10世纪之遥的文明；〔Edessa〕An ancient city of Mesopotamia on the site of present-day Urfa in southeast Turkey. A major Christian center after the third centurya.d. , it fell to the Arabs in 639 and was captured by Crusaders in 1097. 伊德沙：美索不达米亚的一座古代城市，位于今天土耳其东南部乌尔发一带。它是公元前 3世纪之后的一个重要基督教圣地，639年被阿拉伯人攻陷，1097年又被十字军占领 〔ennui〕Were they alive today, users of Classical Latin might be surprised to find that centuries later a phrase of theirs would still survive,although in the form of a single word.The phrasemihi in odiō est (literally translated as "to me in a condition of dislike or hatred is"), meaning "I hate or dislike,” gave rise to the Vulgar Latin verb.inodiāre, "to make odious,” the source of Modern Frenchennuyer, "to annoy, bore.” In the Old French period a noun meaning "worry, boredom,” came from the verbennuier. This noun in its Modern French formennui was borrowed into English in the sense "boredom,” the English word being first recorded in 1732.People may have needed a word for boredom in the polite, cultivated world of the 18th century,but at an earlier period, around 1275,we had already borrowed the French verbennuier, the source of our word annoy. One of the earliest instances ofannoy in English is, in fact, used in the sense "to bore an audience.” 要是古拉丁文的使用者们今天还活着的话，他们很可能会吃惊地发现数世纪之后他们所用的一个短语依然在使用中，尽管采用了单个词的形式。短语mihi in odioest （按字面可翻译成“在不喜欢或憎恨情形下对我而言的是”）， 意思是“我恨或讨厌”生成了俗拉丁语动词inodiare， “使可憎”， 其又为现代法语ennuyer “使苦恼，使烦恼”的词源。 在古法语时期，一个意思是“焦虑、厌倦”的名词来源于动词ennuier 。 该名词的现代法语形式ennui 被引入英语中，意指“厌倦”， 该英语词于1732年被首次记载，在18世纪的讲究礼节、有修养的社会里人们很可能需要一个词来表达厌倦之意，但在更早的时期，大约在1275年，我们已经借入法语动词ennuier， 作为我们的单词 annoy 的来源。 annoy 在英语中最早的例子之一是它实际上是在“使观众厌倦”的意义上使用的 〔Laconia〕An ancient region of southern Greece in the southeast Peloponnesus. It was dominated by Sparta until the rise of the second Achaean League in the third and second centuriesb.c. 拉哥尼亚：古希腊南部的一个地区，位于伯罗奔尼撒东南部。在公元前 3世纪和2世纪之间的第二次亚该亚联盟崛起以前该地一直受斯巴达的统治 〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔Nivernais〕A historical region and former province of central France. A countship after the ninth century, it passed to various noble families before being incorporated into the royal domain by Louis XIV in 1669.尼韦奈（地区），历史上的一个地区，以前是法国中部的一个省，9世纪之后成为伯爵的领地，在1669年被路易十四合并入王室领地之前，曾转给不同的贵族家庭〔Bohemia〕A historical region and former kingdom of present-day western Czechoslovakia. The Czechs, a Slavic people, settled in the area between the 1st and 5th centuriesa.d. A later principality was independent until the 15th century, when it passed to Hungary and then to the Hapsburgs. Bohemia became the core of the new state of Czechoslovakia in 1918. 波希米亚：历史上的地区和王国，在今天的捷克斯洛伐克西部。在1世纪和5世纪之间，斯拉夫人的一支捷克人在此定居。在公元 15世纪，其中主要部分独立出来，成立匈牙利，后来又变成哈布斯堡王朝。1918年，波希亚地区成为新成立的捷克斯洛伐克共和国的核心 〔taler〕Any of numerous silver coins that served as a unit of currency in certain Germanic countries between the 15th and 19th centuries.泰勒元：15世纪到19世纪之间在某些日耳曼语国家用作一种货币单位的许多枚银币的任一枚〔minuscule〕A small, cursive script developed from uncial between the seventh and ninth centuries and used in medieval manuscripts.小书写体：一种在7世纪至9世纪之间从安色尔字体发展而来的小的手写字体，用于中世纪时的书写〔Vilnius〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. in southeast Lithuania east-southeast of Kaunas. Founded in the 10th century, it was frequently devastated by plagues, fires, and invasions from the 15th to the 18th century. Vilnius passed to Russia in 1795 and is now the capital of Lithuania. Population, 544,000.维尔纽斯：苏联欧洲部分偏西的一城市，位于立陶宛的东南部，考纳斯的东南偏东。它成立于10世纪，在15到18世纪之间常遭受瘟疫、火灾及外来入侵。维尔纽斯于1795年归属俄国，现在是立陶宛首都。人口为544,000〔Herzegovina〕A region of west-central Yugoslavia. Largely independent after the 10th century, it was conquered by Bosnia in the 14th century and has been closely allied with that region ever since. Herzegovina became part of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) in 1918.黑塞哥维那：南斯拉夫中西部一地区，10世纪之后，其大部已独立，但在14世纪被波斯尼亚占领，从此与波斯尼亚结成紧密联盟。1981年，黑塞哥维那成为塞尔维亚、克罗地亚和斯洛维尼亚（后南斯拉夫）联合王国的一部分〔Tanis〕An ancient city of Egypt in the eastern delta of the Nile River. Important during the XIX and XXI Dynasties, it was abandoned after the sixth centurya.d. 塔尼斯：埃及的一个古城，位于尼罗河三角区东部。它在第十四和第十六朝时地位十分重要，在公元 6世纪之后被废弃 〔Sofia〕The capital and largest city of Bulgaria, in the west-central part of the country. Originally a Thracian settlement, it passed over the centuries to Rome, Byzantium, two Bulgarian kingdoms, Ottoman Turkey, and Russia. In 1879 it became the capital of independent Bulgaria. Population, 1,102,100.索非亚：保加利亚首都和最大城市，位于保加利亚中西部。最初是色雷斯人的一个定居点，在几个世纪之间，先后属于罗马、拜占庭、两个保加利亚王国、奥斯曼土耳其和俄国。于1879年成为独立的保加利亚首都。人口1,102,100〔Visby〕A city of southeast Sweden on western Gotland Island on the Baltic Sea. It was a member of the Hanseatic League and a commercial center from the 10th to the 14th century but declined after its capture by the Danes in 1362. Visby was a pirate stronghold for the next two centuries and passed to Sweden in 1645. Population, 20,100.维斯比：瑞典东南部一城市，位于波罗的海的哥特兰岛西岸。在10世纪到14世纪之间曾是汉萨同盟的一员和商业中心，但自从被丹麦人于1362年占领后开始走向衰败。维斯比成为以后二个世纪海盗据点，1645年划归瑞典。人口20,100〔faubourg〕The close political ties between Scotland and France during the 15th through 17th centuries were reflected in linguistic borrowing from French to Scots,as in the case offaubourg, a synonym for suburb. In Englandfaubourg seems to have lost the competition with the more popular suburb. However, in contemporary American English the word still exists,although it is virtually confined to the city of New Orleans, where,in fact,faubourg remains in use because of the city's French background. Even there it is used not as a common noun likesuburb but in combination in the names of various quarters of the city,for example,Faubourg Sainte Marie. These city districts, like their counterparts in Paris,such asFaubourg Saint-Germain and Faubourg Saint-Antoine, originally lay outside the city limits, hence the designationfaubourg, originally from Old French fors, "outside,” and borc, "town.” As the population grew outward,these former suburbs became part of the city proper.在苏格兰语对法语语言上的借用反应了15世纪到17世纪之间苏格兰与法国紧密的政治纽带，例如faubourg， 是 suburb 的同义词。 在英国，faubourg 看起来已丧失了与更流行的 suburb 的竞争力。 然而，在当代美国英语中，这个词仍然存在，尽管实际上它限于新奥尔良城。事实上，faubourg 保持在新奥尔良的使用是因为这个城市的法语背景。 它甚至不是像suburb 那样作为一个普通名词使用， 而是与城市的不同区的名字连在一起，例如圣玛丽亚区 。 这些城区，就像它们在巴黎的对应地区，如圣格梅茵区 和 圣安东尼区 一样，一般位于城区的外围， 因此名称faubourg 源自于古法语 fors ，“外面”，和 borc， “城镇”。 随着人口的向外增长，这些前郊区成了城区的一部分〔Nitra〕A city of south-central Czechoslovakia on theNitra River, a tributary of the Danube. Dating from Roman times, Nitra was a religious center after the ninth century and became a free city in 1248. Population, 83,338. 尼特拉：捷克斯洛伐克中南的一个城市，位于多瑙河的支流尼特拉河 畔，历史可追溯到罗马时期，尼特拉在9世纪之后是一个宗教中心，于1248年成为自由城。人口83,338 〔Carthage〕An ancient city and state of northern Africa on the Bay of Tunis northeast of modern Tunis. It was founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth centuryb.c. and became the center of Carthaginian power in the Mediterranean after the sixth century b.c. The city was destroyed by the Romans at the end of the Third Punic War (146 b.c. ) but was rebuilt by Julius Caesar and later ( a.d. 439-533) served as capital of the Vandals before its virtual annihilation by the Arabs (698). 迦太基：非洲北部一古代城邦，位于今突尼斯东北部突尼斯湾沿岸。由腓尼基人于公元前 9世纪创立，并在 公元前 6世纪之后成为地中海上迦太基政权中心。该城在第三次布匿战争结束时（ 公元前 146年）被罗马人毁灭，但不久即被尤里乌斯·凯撒重建，此后（ 公元 439-533年）在被阿拉伯人灭掉之前（1698年）是汪尔达人的首都 〔Kiev〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. on the Dnieper River southwest of Moscow. One of the oldest cities in the country, it was the center of the first Russian state and an early seat of Russian Christianity. Its power declined after the 12th century, and it was annexed by Moscow in 1686. Often known to Russians as "the Mother of Cities,” Kiev is also the capital of the Ukraine. Population, 2,448,000.基辅：苏联西欧部分一城市，位于莫斯科西南第聂伯河边。它是前苏联最古老的城市之一，曾是第一个俄罗斯国家的中心和俄罗斯基督教早期的中心。12世纪之后其权势衰落，1686年被莫斯科占领。它经常被俄罗斯人认为是“城市之母”。基辅还是乌克兰首都。人口2,448,000〔Odessa〕also [ə-dyĕʹsə] A city of southwest European U.S.S.R. onOdessa Bay, an arm of the Black Sea. Said to occupy the site of an ancient Greek colony that disappeared between the 3rd and 4th centuries a.d. , Odessa was established as a Tartar fortress in the 14th century, passed to Turkey in 1764, and was captured by Russia in the 1790's. It is a major port, naval base, and resort. Population, 1,126,000. 也作 [ə-dyĕʹsə] 敖德萨：俄罗斯欧洲部分西南部城市，在黑海中的敖德萨海湾 。据说为占据消失于 公元 3至4世纪之间的古希腊的一个殖民地，敖德萨是作为鞑靼要塞在14世纪建立的，于1764年移交土耳其，在18世纪90年代又为俄国占有。它是主要港口，海军基地及休养胜地。人口1,126,000 |
| 随便看 |
英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。