| 单词 | 世纪末 |
| 释义 | 〔garage〕It is difficult for a 20th-century imagination to envision a world without garages or a language without the wordgarage. However, probably before the 19thand certainly before the 18th century the word did not exist,and possibly before the end of the 19th century the thing itself did not exist.Our word is a direct borrowing of Frenchgarage, which is first recorded in 1802 in the sense "place where one docks.”The verbgarer, from which garage was derived, originally meant "to put merchandise under shelter,”then "to moor a boat,” and then "to put a vehicle into a place for safekeeping,”that is, agarage, a sense first recorded in French in 1901. English almost immediately borrowed this French word,the first instance being found in 1902.对于20世纪来说，很难想象一个没有车库的世界或者一种语言没有garage 这个词。 但可能在19世纪以前，或者肯定在18世纪以前这个词并不存在，而且极有可能在19世纪末期这个词本身也不存在。我们的单词是直接从法语中garage 这个词借来的， 第一次于1802年使用“停放的地方”这一含义。从动词garer 派生出来了 garage ， 本意为“把货物放在保护处”，后成为“停靠船只”，而后又变成“为保管而把汽车放入一个地方”。也就是说garage 的含义是1901年在法语中记载的。 英语几乎马上借用了这个法语词汇，它的第一例可在1902年找到〔lieutenant〕What is the connection between a lieutenant governor and a lieutenant in the army?In the etymology of the wordlieutenant, at least, the connection lies in their holding a place;that is, the wordlieutenant is from an Old French compound made up of lieu, "place,” and tenant, "holding,” the present participle of the verb tenir, "to hold.” The word in Old French and the borrowed Middle English wordlieutenant, first recorded near the end of the 14th century, referred to a person who acted for another as a deputy.This usage has survived,for example, in our termlieutenant governor, the deputy of the governor and the one who replaces the governor if need be. In military parlancelieutenant appears by itself as well as in compounds such asfirst lieutenant and second lieutenant, which muddy the water a bit,but the original notion of the word in military usage was that the officer it referred to ranked below the next one upand could replace him if need be.A lieutenant in the U.S. Army could thus step into the shoes of a captain.副州长和陆军中尉之间有什么联系?就lieutenant 这个单词的词源来说， 至少，联系在于他们都拥有一个位置；也就是说，lieutenant 这个词源于一个古法语复合词，这个词由 lieu （“场所”）和 tenant （“拥有”）及动词 tenir （“持有，拥有”）的现在分词组成。 古法语的这个词和借用的中古英语词lieutenant 的最早记录出现在14世纪末， 该词指的是代理别人做某事的人。这种用法至今仍使用，例如，我们的短语lieutenant governor（副州长） 州长的副职和必要时代替州长的人。 在军事用语中，lieutenant 单独出现， 也在复合词如first lieutenant 及 second lieutenants 中出现， 这把情况搞复杂了一些，但这个词在军事用语中的原始意义是它所指的军官低于上一级军官，在必要时可以取代他。因此，美国陆军中的一名中尉可以取代上尉〔Cod〕A hook-shaped peninsula of southeast Massachusetts extending east and north into the Atlantic Ocean. Fishing, whaling, and shipping were important here until the late 1800's; the economy today is based largely on tourism.科德：美国马萨诸塞州东南的钩状半岛，向东向北伸入大西洋。直到19世纪末，渔业、捕鲸和船运业占有重要地位；现今其经济主要依赖于旅游业〔Hull〕Also King.ston-up.on-Hull [kĭngʹstən-ə-pŏn-hŭlʹ, -pôn-] A borough of northeast-central England on the northern shore of the Humber estuary at the influx of theHull River. Chartered in 1299, the city has been a major seaport since the late 1700's. Population, 272,500. 也作 King.ston-up.on-Hull [kĭngʹstən-ə-pŏn-hŭlʹ, -pôn-] 赫尔：英格兰中部偏东北的自治城市，位于寺尔河 哈姆伯三角洲的北岸。1299年获自治权，18世纪末开始成为重要海港。人口272,500 〔Greek〕Greek language and literature from the middle of the eighth centuryb.c. to the end of the third century a.d. , especially the Attic Greek of the fifth and fourth centuries b.c. . 希腊文化：从公元前 8世纪中期到 公元 3世纪末的希腊语言和文学，尤指 公元前 5世纪和4世纪希腊阿提卡时期的语言和文学 〔vulgate〕Vulgate Abbr. Vulg.,Vul.The Latin edition or translation of the Bible made by Saint Jerome at the end of the fourth centurya.d. , now used in a revised form as the Roman Catholic authorized version. Vulgate 缩写 Vulg.,Vul.拉丁语圣经：公元 4世纪末期圣杰隆所著圣经的拉丁版本或译本，现在其重修版本为罗马天主教认可的版本 〔decadence〕Often Decadence A literary movement especially of late 19th-century France and England characterized by refined aestheticism, artifice, and the quest for new sensations. 常作 Decadence 颓废派文艺：尤指19世纪末期法国和英国的一个文学运动，以文雅的美学、技巧和追求新感觉为特征〔Ciboney〕A member of an American Indian people formerly inhabiting the Greater Antilles. Of unknown origin and linguistic affiliation, the Ciboney were largely displaced by Taino settlers prior to European contact and were extinct by the end of the 16th century.席伯尼族：美国印第安民族的成员之一。曾居住在大安地列斯群岛。席伯尼族历史及语言背景均不明，在欧洲与美洲产生联系之前，该民族大部分成员就被泰诺人强迫离开其居住地并在16世纪末灭绝〔pistole〕Any of several gold coins used in various European countries until the late 19th century.皮斯托尔：欧洲某些国家一直用到19世纪末的旧金币的名称〔Bithynia〕An ancient country of northwest Asia Minor in present-day Turkey. Originally inhabited by Thracians, it was absorbed into the Roman Empire by the end of the first centuryb.c. 比希尼亚：小亚细亚西北一古国，在今土尔其境内最先由色雷西人居住，在公元前 1世纪末并入罗马帝国 〔circus〕The modern circus owes its name but fortunatelynot its regular program of events to the amusement of ancient times.The Latin wordcircus, which comes from the Greek word kirkos, "circle, ring,” referred to a circular or oval area enclosed by rows of seats for spectators.In the center ring, so to speak, was held a variety of events,including chariot races and gladiatorial combats, spectacles in which bloodshed and brutality were not uncommon.The first use ofcircus recorded in English, in a work by Chaucer written around 1380,probably refers to the Circus Maximus in Rome.Our modern circus, which dates to the end of the 18th century,was originally an equestrian spectacle as well,but the trick riders were soon joined in the ring by such performers as ropedancers, acrobats, and jugglers.Even though the circular shape of the arena and the equestrian nature of some of the performances are carried over from its Roman namesake,the modern circus, despite occasional accidental violence,has little connection with its brutal namesake of long ago.现代马戏团应把它的名称归因于古时候的娱乐，值得庆幸地不是归因于它的固定节目。拉丁文的circus 源于希腊文 kirkos “圆，环”， 指被容纳观众的座位围起的圆形或椭圆形场地。在称之为中央环地的场地中举行多种表演，包括战车赛跑和角斗，屠杀和残暴的景象并不少见。英语中记录的circus 的最早使用， 是在乔叟写于大约1380年的一本著作里，可能意指罗马的大竞技场。现代马戏团可追溯到18世纪末，最初也是马术表演，但走钢丝演员、高空杂技演员和杂耍演员很快在圆形场地中加入特技骑手的行列。尽管马戏场地的圆形形状和一些表演的马术实质是由罗马的同名物得到的，现代马戏团，尽管偶尔出现意外的暴力，与它久远以前残暴的同名物几乎没有关联〔Field〕American merchant who organized Marshall Field and Company, the largest wholesale and retail dry goods establishment of the late 1800's.菲尔德，马歇尔：(1834-1906) 美国商人，创建了马歇尔商店和公司，该公司是19世纪末最大的干货批发及零售企业〔ilk〕When one usesilk, as in the phrasemen of his ilk, one is using a word with an ancient pedigreeeven though the sense ofilk, "kind or sort,” is actually quite recent,having been recorded no earlier than the end of the 18th century.This sense grew out of an older use ofilk in the phrase of that ilk, meaning "of the same place, territorial designation, or name.” This phrase was used chiefly in names of landed families,Guthrie of that ilk meaning "Guthrie of Guthrie.” "Same" is the fundamental meaning of the word.The ancestors ofilk, Old Englishilca and Middle English ilke, were common words, usually appearing with such words asthe or that, but the word hardly survived the Middle Ages in those uses.当我们使用ilk 一词， 例如在词组men of his ilk 中那样， 我们实际上在使用一个历史悠久的词。不过ilk 这个词有“一种或一类”这个意思， 却是近期的事情，其最早的使用记录不超过18世纪末。过去ilk 这个词用于词组 of that ilk 之中，意为“相同地方的，相同封地的，相同名号的”，现代意义就是从这个意思演化而来。 这个词组主要用于拥有土地的家族的名称前面：Guthrie of that ilk 意指“格思里这个地方叫格思里的人”。 这个词的基本意义为“相同”。ilk 这个词的前身， 古英语的ilca 和中古英语的 ilke 都是常用词汇， 常常和the 或 that 等词一起使用， 不过这些词经过中世纪后都没能存在下来〔Ives〕American composer whose works anticipated those of later 20th-century musicians in their abandonment of conventional tonality. His Third Symphony (1904-1911) won a Pulitzer Prize.艾甫斯，查尔斯·爱德华：(1874-1954) 美国作曲家，他的作曲打破了传统的音调，领先20世纪末的音乐家们。他的《第三交响曲》(1904-1911年）赢得了普立策奖〔Ravenna〕A city of northeast Italy near the Adriatic Sea northeast of Florence. An important naval station in Roman times, it was an Ostrogoth capital in the fifth and sixth centuriesa.d. and the center of Byzantine power in Italy from the late sixth century until c. 750, when it was conquered by the Lombards. Ravenna eventually became part of the papal dominions and was included in the kingdom of Italy in 1860. Population, 101,000. 拉文纳：意大利东北部邻亚德里亚海的一城市，位于佛罗伦萨市东北。罗马时代是一重要海军基地公元 5到6世纪是东哥特人王国的首都，从6世纪末到公元750年是拜占庭帝国在意大利的中心城市，公元750年被伦巴底族人征服。拉文纳最后成为教皇领地，1860年并入意大利王国，人口101,000 〔Sevastopol〕A city of southern European U.S.S.R. in the Crimea on the Black Sea west of Yalta. Founded on the site of an ancient Greek colony, it became Russia's principal Black Sea naval base after the late 18th century. The city resisted lengthy sieges during the Crimean War and World War II. Population, 341,000.塞瓦斯托布尔，塞巴斯托布尔：苏联南欧部分城市，位于亚尔港西部、黑海之滨的克里米亚。建于古希腊领地位置，它在18世纪末成为俄国主要的黑海海军基地。该城在克里米亚战争和第二次世界大战中抵御了长时间的围攻。人口341,000〔comrade〕A comrade can be socially or politically close,a closeness that is found at the etymological heart of the wordcomrade. In Spanish the Latin wordcamara, with its Late Latin meaning "chamber, room,” was retained, and the derivativecamarada, with the sense "roommates, especially barrack mates,” was formed. Camarada then came to have the general sense "companion.” English borrowed the word from Spanish and French,Englishcomrade being first recorded in the 16th century. The political sense ofcomrade, now associated with Communism, had its origin in the late-19th-century use of the word as a title by socialists and communists in order to avoid such forms of address asmister. This usage, which originated during the French Revolution,is first recorded in English in 1884.同志在社会或政治关系上是亲密的，这种亲密的意思可以从comrade 的词源中找到。 在西班牙语中，拉丁词camara 仍保留有它的拉丁语意思“小房间，房间”， 同时出现了它的派生词camarada 意思是“室友，尤指同营房的战友”。 接着Camarada 具有了一般“同伴”的意思。 英语从西班牙语和法语中借用了这个词，英语中comrade 第一次出现是在16世纪。 comrade 的政治意义现在是与共产主义相联的， 最初在19世纪末，它是作为社会主义者或共产主义者的前称以区别于mister（先生） 一词的。 这种用法起源于法国大革命时期，第一次在英语中出现则是在1884年。〔symbolism〕Symbolism The movement, theory, or practice of the late 19th-century Symbolists. Symbolism 象征主义：19世纪末期象征主义的运动、理论或实践〔Hepplewhite〕Of, relating to, or being an English style of furniture of the late 18th century, characterized by its light, graceful lines, the use of concave curves, and the shield or heart backs of its chairs.赫波怀特式的：19世纪末期英国某种家具式样的，与之有关的。该式样的特征包括轻巧优雅的轮廓、凹面弯曲、鞘状或心状的椅背〔Avar〕A member of a Caucasian or eastern European people whose empire, centered in southern Hungary and extending widely between the Elbe and Dneiper Rivers, reached its peak in the late sixth and early seventh centuries.阿尔瓦人：高加索或欧洲东部民族中一员，以匈牙利南部为中心并普遍分布于易北河与第聂伯河之间，六世纪末和七世纪初是该民族鼎盛时期〔Tegucigalpa〕The capital and largest city of Honduras, in the south-central part of the country. Founded in the late 16th century as a mining center, it became capital of the country in 1880. Population, 532,500.特古西加尔巴：洪都拉斯的首都和最大城市，位于该国的中南部。16世纪末期作为采矿业中心建成，1880年它成为洪都拉斯的首都。人口532,500〔euphuism〕An affectedly elegant literary style of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, characterized by elaborate alliteration, antitheses, and similes.尤弗伊斯体：一种流行于16世纪末17世纪初的装腔作势追求高雅的文体，以头韵、对句和明喻为特点〔Jugendstil〕A style of architecture and decorative art similar to art nouveau, popular in German-speaking areas of Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.年轻风格：类似新艺术派的建筑与装饰艺术风格，19世纪末、20世纪初时流行于欧洲的德语区〔Galway〕A region of west-central Ireland bordering onGalway Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. The city of Galway (population, 37,835) was incorporated in the late 14th century and is today an important industrial and tourist center. 戈尔韦：爱尔兰中西部的一个地区，濒临大西洋的入口戈尔韦湾 。 戈尔韦 城（人口37,835年）于14世纪末形成，现在是非常重要工业和旅游中心 〔Tehran〕The capital and largest city of Iran, in the north-central part of the country south of the Caspian Sea. A commercial and industrial center, it became capital in the late 1700's. Population, 5,734,199.德黑兰：伊朗的首都和最大城市，位于伊朗的中北部和黑海以南。为商业和工业中心，18世纪末期成为首都。人口5,734,199〔Moravia〕A region of central Czechoslovakia. Settled by a Slavic people at the end of the sixth centurya.d. , it became an independent kingdom in 870 but fell to the Magyars in 906 and later to the Bohemians. In 1526 Moravia came under the rule of the Austrian Hapsburgs. It was incorporated into Czechoslovakia in 1918. 摩拉维亚：捷克斯洛伐克中部一个地区，在公元 6世纪末期由斯拉夫人定居于此，后来在870年成为一个独立的王国，但是在906年又陷落于马扎尔人之手，后来又被波希米亚人控制。在1526年摩拉维亚处于奥地利哈布斯堡人的统治之下，并于1918年并入捷克斯洛伐克 〔Manitoba〕A province of south-central Canada. It was admitted to the confederation in 1870. Originally part of a 1670 grant to the Hudson's Bay Company, it was largely settled by immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Winnipeg is the capital and the largest city. Population, 1,026,241.马尼托巴省：加拿大中南部的一个省。1870年被接纳入联邦。最早是1670年建立的哈得孙湾公司的一部分，19世纪末20世纪初大批移民到此定居。温尼伯是其省会和最大城市。人口1,026,241〔Maputo〕The capital and largest city of Mozambique, in the extreme southern part of the country on the Indian Ocean. Founded in the late 18th century, it was renamed (1976) after the country gained its independence (1975). Population, 755,300.马普托，洛朗克·马奎斯：莫桑比克首都和最大城市，位于该国的最南端印度洋沿岸。建于18世纪末，在该国获得独立（1975年）后又被重新命名（1976年）。人口755,300〔Latin〕The Latin language and literature from the end of the third centuryb.c. to the end of the second century a.d. 拉丁语，拉丁文学：从公元前 3世纪末开始至 公元 2世纪末的拉丁语言和文学 〔pant〕It would seem unlikely that the name of a 4th-century Roman Catholic saint should be the ultimate source of a word for a modern article of clothing commonly worn by both men and women.Pants, however, can be traced back to Pantaleon, the patron saint of Venice. He became so closely associated with the inhabitants of that citythat the Venetians became popularly known asPantaloni. Consequently, among the commedia dell'arte's stock characters the representative Venetian (a stereotypically wealthy but miserly merchant) was calledPantalone. His name in French,Pantalon, was borrowed into English (first recorded around 1590). During the middle of the 17th centurythe French came to identify him with one particular style of trousers,and this same style became known aspantaloons in English. Pantaloons was later applied to another style of trousers that came into fashion toward the end of the 18th century, tight-fitting garments that had begun to replace knee breeches.After thatpantaloons was used to refer to trousers in general. The last step in the development of the wordpants met with some resistance. This abbreviation ofpantaloon was considered vulgar and, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it,"a word not made for gentlemen, but ‘gents.’”First found in the writings of Edgar Allan Poe in 1840,pants has replaced the "gentleman's word" in English and has lost all obvious connection to Saint Pantaleon.看起来一位公元4世纪的罗马天主教徒的名字似乎不可能是这个做为男人和女人平常都穿的布做的现代物品的根本词源。Pants 但可以追溯到奥塔莱昂，威尼斯的庇护神。 他变得与这座城市里的居民联系得这样紧密，以至于威尼斯人也通俗的被称为Pantaloni 。 结果，在即兴喜剧的角色中那个有代表性的威尼斯人（一个愚富而吝啬的商人）被称作Pantalone。 他的法语名字Panlalon 被借用到英语中（初次记录大约在1590年）。 在17世纪中期，法国人开始把它与一种特殊类型的裤子等同起来，同一种类型的裤子在英语中是pantaloons 。 Pantaloons 后来被用作另一种类型的裤子并在18世纪末日渐流行， 紧身衣服已经开始取代齐膝马裤。在那以后，pantaloons 被用来泛指裤子。 在pants 一词发展的最后遇到了一些阻力。 Pantaloon 的缩写被认为是粗俗的， 并且正如奥立弗·温德尔·霍姆斯所说，“并不是为绅士而造的词，而是为‘家伙们所造’”。最早在1840年发现于艾德加·爱伦·坡的作品中，pants 在英语中已经替代了那个“绅士的语言”， 而且显然已失去了和圣奥塔莱昂的一切联系〔symbolist〕Often Symbolist Any of a group of chiefly French writers and artists of the late 19th century who expressed their ideas and emotions indirectly through symbols. 常作 Symbolist 象征主义作家或艺术家：19世纪末期用象征手法来间接表达他们的思想和感情的一群主要为法国的作家和艺术家〔pickle〕Trade with the Low Countries across the North Sea was important to England in the later Middle Ages,and it is perhaps because of this tradethat we have the wordpickle. Middle Englishpikel, the ancestor of our word,is first recorded around 1400with the meaning "a spicy sauce or gravy served with meat or fowl.”This is a different sense from the one the word brings to mind now,but it is related somewhat in sense to its possible Middle Dutch sourcepekel, a solution, such as spiced brine, for preserving and flavoring food.After coming into Englishthe wordpickle expanded its sense range in several ways. It was applied, as it had been in Middle Dutch, to a pickling solution.Laterpickle was used to refer to something so treated, such as a cucumber. The word also took on a figurative sense,"a troublesome situation,”perhaps under the influence of a similar Dutch usage in the phrasein de pekel zitten, "sit in the pickle,” and iemand in de pekel laten zitten, "let someone sit in the pickle.” 在中世纪末，穿过北海与低地国家的贸易对英格兰来说非常重要，也许就是因为这种贸易，便有了pickle 这个词。 中世纪英语中的pikel ， 也就是我们这词的祖先，大约在1400年第一次被记录，意思是“加有肉或禽肉的多香料的调味汁或肉汁。”这与现在我们所想到的意思有所不同，但从其可能的中世纪荷兰语词源pekle 的意义上讲又有些关联， 该词指如加香料的卤水等用来腌制或保存食物的溶液。进入英语后，pickle 这个词的词义在很多方面扩大了其含义。 象在中世纪荷兰语那样，它被用来指一种腌制食物的溶液。后来pickle 又用来指如此腌制的东西，如腌黄瓜。 从而这个词也有了比喻意义，即“麻烦的境地，”这大概是因为受了荷兰语中有短语坐在卤水中 和 让某人坐在卤水中 的类似用法的影响 〔romanticism〕Often Romanticism An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. 常作 Romanticism 浪漫主义运动：起源于18世纪末期欧洲的一种对大自然有强烈的兴趣且注重个人情感和想象力的表达的艺术和知识上的运动，它与古典主义的观点和形式相悖并反对公认的社会制度和习俗〔neoclassicism〕A movement in music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that sought to avoid subjective emotionalism and to return to the style of the pre-Romantic composers.新古典主义：19世纪末、20世纪初的音乐运动，企图避免主观感情主义而返回到前浪漫派作曲家的风格〔Salamanca〕A city of west-central Spain west-northwest of Madrid. Conquered by Hannibal in 220b.c. , it was captured by Moors in the 8th century a.d. and held by them until the late 11th century. Population, 159,336. 萨拉曼卡：西班牙中西部一城市，位于马德里西北偏西。公元前 220年被汉尼拔征服， 公元 8世纪被摩尔人占领，并一直占有至11世纪末。人口159,336 |
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