| 单词 | 东印度 |
| 释义 | 〔Hooghly〕A channel, about 257 km (160 mi) long, of the Ganges River in eastern India. The westernmost channel on the Ganges Delta, it connects Calcutta with the Bay of Bengal.胡格利：东印度恒河上的一条水道，长约257公里(160英里）是恒河三角洲最西端的水道，连接加尔各答和孟加拉湾〔whore〕Derivatives of Indo-European roots often make strange bedfellows. A prime example is the case of.kā-, "to like, desire.” From the stem.kāro- derived from this root came the prehistoric Common Germanic word .hōraz with the underlying meaning "one who desires" and the effective meaning "adulterer.” From this word came the Old English wordhōre, the ancestor of Modern Englishwhore. The same stem produced the Latin wordcārus, "dear,” from which came Modern Englishcaress, cherish, and charity, the highest form of love. Contact with East Indian culture has added yet another pair of derivatives from this Indo-European root to the English language.From the stem.kāmo- came the Sanskrit word kāmaḥ, "love, desire,” from which are derived the English borrowingsKama, "the Hindu god of love,” andKamasutra, "a Sanskrit treatise on the rules of love and marriage according to Hindu law.” 从印欧语词根派生出的词常产生奇怪的词伴。一个很好的例子就是ko- “喜欢，渴望”。 从这个词根派生出karo 这个词干，然后又产生出史前共同日尔曼语的 horaz 一词，暗指“渴望…的人”，也含有显著的意义“通奸者”。 从这个词又产生古英语中的hore， 这是现代英语whore 的前身。 这一词干产生了拉丁词carus “亲爱的”， 又由它而引出现代英语中的caress,cherish 和 charity 这是爱的最高形式。 与东印度文化的接触又给英语语言加上了另外两个从这个印欧词根派生出的词。从词干kamo- 产生出梵语词 kamah “爱，欲望”， 从这个词又产生出英语的外来词Kama “印度人的爱神”， 和Kamasutra “根据印度法律所制定的关于爱情和婚姻的规定的梵语论述” 〔interloper〕The wordinterloper comes to us from the days when England was embarking on the course that would lead to the British Empire. Interloper, first recorded in connection with the Muscovy Company, which was the earliest major English trading company (chartered in 1555),was soon being used as well in regard to the East India Company (chartered in 1600).Since these companies were monopolies,independent traders calledinterlopers were not wanted. The term is probably partly derived from Dutch,the language of one of the great trade rivals of the English at that time.Theinter- is simply a use of the prefix inter-, which English has borrowed from Latin,meaning "between, among.”The element-loper is probably related to the same element in landloper, "vagabond,” a word adopted from Dutchlandlooper, with the same sense and composed ofland, "land,” and lōper, from lōpen, "to run, leap.” The wordinterloper, first recorded around 1590, was too useful in a world of busybodies to be restricted to its original specialized senseand came to be used in the extended sense "busybody" in the 17th century.单词interloper 起源于英格兰向大英帝国演化的年代。 有关interloper 的记载最早与曼斯可维公司有联系。 这家公司是英国早期的主要贸易公司（设立于1555年）。随后这词又用于与东印度公司（设立于1600年）有关的方面。因为这两家公司都是垄断企业，因而不需要称interlopers 为独立经营者。 这一词条可能部分来源于荷兰语，当时英国主要贸易对手之一的语言。inter- 只是简单地作为前缀 inter- 使用， 这前缀是英语以拉丁语借用过来的，意为“在…之间，在…当中。”词素-loper 可能与“流浪汉” landloper 中的相同词素有关， 这个词从荷兰语landlooper 吸收过来， 意义不变，由“土地”land 和来自 lopen 意为“跑，跳”的 loper 组成。 interloper 一词最早约记载于1590年， 在充满多事者的世界里极为有用以致于不能局限于其原来的专有意思，在17世纪逐渐使用其引申义“爱管闲事的人”〔lascar〕An East Indian sailor, army servant, or artillery trooper.东印度水手；军队仆佣；炮兵〔Hudson〕English navigator and explorer who discovered (1609) the Hudson River on an expedition for the East India Company.哈得孙，亨利：(卒于 1611) 英国航海家和探险家，1609年在为东印度公司进行的远征中发现了哈得孙河〔mudra〕A series of symbolic body postures and hand movements used in East Indian classical dancing.手印：东印度古典舞中一系列有象征意义的手势或肢体语言〔mulligatawny〕An East Indian soup having a meat or chicken base and curry seasoning.咖喱鸡（或肉）汤：东印度地区的一种有肉或鸡肉加咖喱调味炖的汤〔Calcutta〕A city of eastern India on the Hooghly River in the Ganges delta. Founded c. 1690 as a British East India Company trading post, it is India's largest city and a major port and industrial center. In the notorious Black Hole of Calcutta more than 120 British soldiers died of suffocation (1756) after being imprisoned overnight in the small, stifling dungeon by the nawab of Bengal. Population, 3,305,006.加尔各答：印度东部的一座城市，位于恒河三角洲上的胡格利河畔。于公元1690年作为英国东印度公司的商贸据点而建成，是印度最大的城市，主要的港口和工业中心。在臭名昭著的“加尔各答黑洞”中，120名英国士兵被整夜囚禁在狭小憋闷的地牢里然后窒息而死（1756）。人口3,305,006〔Madras〕A city of southeast India on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. Founded in 1639 as Fort St. George by the British East India Company, Madras was held by the French from 1746 to 1748. It is today a major industrial, commercial, and cultural center with a thriving harbor (constructed 1862-1901). Population, 3,276,622.马德拉斯：印度东南部的一个城市，位于孟加拉湾的科罗曼德尔海岸。英国东印度公司于1639年在此建立圣·乔治要塞。马德拉斯从1746年到1748年被法国人占领。现在它是一个重要的工业、商业和文化中心，并有一个繁荣的港口（建于1862-1901年）。人口3,276,622〔Raffles〕British colonial administrator who acquired Singapore for the East India Company (1819) and founded a settlement there.拉弗尔斯，托马斯·斯坦福：(1781-1826) 英国殖民地执政官，他为东印度公司获得了新加坡(1819年），并在此建立了定居点〔Chennai〕A city of southeast India on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. Founded in 1639 as Fort St. George by the British East India Company, Chennai was held by the French from 1746 to 1748. It is today a major industrial, commercial, and cultural center with a thriving harbor (constructed 1862-1901). Population, 4,382,100陈奈：印度东南部城市，位于孟加拉国湾的科罗曼德尔海岸。1639年英国东印度公司在此建成圣乔治堡，1746至1748年法国占领陈奈。现今为拥有繁荣海港（1862-1901年间建成）的主要工业、商业及文化中心。人口4,382,100〔Xavier〕Spanish Jesuit missionary. A cofounder of the Jesuit order (1534) with Ignatius of Loyola, he established missionaries in Japan, Ceylon, and the East Indies.沙勿略，弗朗西斯：(1506-1552) 西班牙耶稣会传教士。1534年他和罗耀拉一起创建了天主教耶稣会，后在日本、锡兰和东印度建立传教区〔picrotoxin〕A bitter crystalline compound, C30H 34O 13, derived from the seed of an East Indian woody vine (Animirta cocculus) and used as a stimulant, especially in treating barbiturate poisoning. 木防已苦互毒素，苦味毒：一种苦的晶体化合物，C30H 34O 13，从东印度一种 （木防己苦互毒素 木防己属） 木质藤植物的种子中提取，用作刺激物，尤用于治疗巴比妥类药物中毒 〔neem〕A tall, usually evergreen East Indian tree(Azadirachta indica) widely cultivated in tropical Asia for its timber, resin, bitter bark, and aromatic seed oil. 印度楝：树木很高，常青的东印度树（印度楝 楝属） 因其木材，树脂，苦树皮和芳香的种子油而普遍种植于亚洲的热带地区 〔seersucker〕Through its name, seersucker, a lightweight fabric for summer suits and dresses, gives us a glimpse at the history of India.The facts of the word's history are that it came into English from the East Indian language Hindi (śīrśakar ). The word in Hindi was borrowed from the Persian compoundshīroshakar, meaning literally "milk and sugar"but used in a figurative way for a striped linen garment.The Persian wordshakar, "sugar,” in turn came from Sanskrit śarkarā. Persian, Indian, English—clearly we are dealing with multiple cultural borrowing here,and the Persians did indeed borrow sugar and the word for sugar from India in the 6th century.During and after Tamerlane's invasion of India in the late 14th century,the opportunity for borrowing Persian things and words such asshīr-o-shakar was present, since the Mongol Turk Tamerlane incorporated Persia as well as India into his empire.It then remained for the English during the 18th century, when the East India Company and England were moving toward supremacy in India, to borrow the material and its nameseersucker (first recorded in 1722 in the form Sea Sucker ) from an Indian language. 适合制作夏季服装的一种很轻的面料，通过它的名字——泡泡纱让我们对印度历史有所了解。关于这个单词的历史事实是这个词从东印度语言——印地语(sirsakar )进入英语。 在印地语中，这个词来源于波斯语复合词shiroshakar ， 其字面意思是“牛奶和糖”，但用其比喻意来指一种有条纹的亚麻长袍。波斯语shakar 意思是“糖”，来自于梵文 sarkara 。 波斯语，印度语，英语——显而易见，这里我们要研究的是多元文化的借用，而事实上波斯人确实于公元6世纪从印度输入了糖和表示糖的单词。在14世纪后期泰摩兰入侵印度期间和之后，就有了借用波斯物品及单词，如shir-o-shakar 的机会， 因为突厥化了的蒙古人泰摩兰不但把波斯还把印度并入了自己的王国。在18世纪，当东印度公司和英国印度取得至高权威后，才从一种印度语言中输入了seersucker 的材料及名称（最初的记载形式是 Sea sucker ，出现于1722年） 〔dahl〕A thick creamy East Indian stew made with lentils, onions, and various spices.达西尔：东印度的一种稠而细腻的炖制食物，由滨豆、洋葱和各种调味品制成 |
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