| 单词 | 两者 |
| 释义 | 〔powwow〕Because trances were so important to the Native American shaman as a means of getting in touch with spiritual forces beyond the ken of the normal person,the titlepowwaw, literally meaning "one who has visions,” was accorded him. One of the occurrences of this word in an early piece of propaganda designed to bring more settlers to New Englandrepresents fairly well the Puritan attitudes to the religion of the native inhabitants of the New World:"The office and dutie of the Powah is to be exercised principally in calling upon the Devil;and curing diseases of the sicke or wounded.”The word whose spelling was eventually settled in English aspowwow was also used as the name for ceremonies and councils, probably because of the important role played by the shaman in both.After the native peoples had been dealt withand the fear of devil worship was somewhat diminished,the newcomers decided that they could have powwows too,the first reference to one of these being recorded in the Salem, Massachusetts,Gazette of 1812: "The Warriors of the Democratic Tribe will hold a powwow at Agawam on Tuesday next.”The verbpowwow, "to confer,” was recorded even earlier, in 1780. 因为作为一种超出常人理解范围的与神灵联系的方式，催眠对于北美印第安人巫师来说是如此重要，故巫师被冠以字面意思为“有洞察力的人”的powwaw 这一名称。 这个词在早期为鼓励更多人去新英格兰定居而作的宣传中的出现，它很好地证明了清教徒们对于美洲大陆土著居民宗教的态度：“帕瓦仪式的职责与义务主要就是用来召唤魔鬼；治愈病人或伤者。”这个在英语中最后以powwow 的拼写形式固定下来的词也用作仪式及会议的名称， 这也许是因为巫师在两者中都起着重要作用。在与土著居民进行接触以后，随着对其魔鬼崇拜的恐惧逐渐消逝，那些新来者决定他们也可以举行帕瓦仪式，1812年马萨诸塞州塞勒姆的时事报 第一次提及了这种会议： “下星期二民主党派的斗士们将在阿加瓦姆召开会议”。动词意为“商讨”的powwow 则早在1780年就有记载了 〔neutral〕Belonging to neither kind; not one thing or the other; indifferent.非此亦非彼的：不属于两者中任何一种的；非此亦非彼的；没有对错的〔melt〕To change (a solid) to a liquid state by the application of heat or pressure or both.熔化：用热力或压力，或者两者的共同作用使固态变为液态〔multitude〕Host andlegion both stress impressively, sometimes countlessly large numbers: Host 和degion 两者着重于强调， 有时表示无法计算的巨大数目： 〔midcult〕A form of intellectual and artistic culture that has qualities of high culture and mass culture without being either.中产阶级文化：一种思想和艺术文化，既具有高级文化和大众文化的物质，又不是两者中的任何一种〔neither〕Not either; not in either case. Used with the correlative conjunctionnor : 均非：不是两者中的任一个；不在任一种情况下。和相关连词nor 连用： 〔posh〕"Oh yes, Mater, we had a posh time of it down there.”So inPunch for September 25, 1918, do we find the first recorded instance of that mysterious wordposh, meaning "smart and fashionable,”although in a 1903 book by P.G. Wodehouse,Tales of St. Austin's, there is a mention of a waistcoat that was "push.” The latter may be a different word,but in either case the dates of occurrence are importantbecause they are part of the objection to derivingposh from the initials of "Port Out, Starboard Home.” This was the cooler, and thus more expensive, side of ships traveling between England and India in the mid-19th century,and the acronymPOSH was supposedly stamped on the tickets of first-class passengers traveling on that side of ships owned by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. No evidence is definitely known to exist for this theory, however.TheOxford English Dictionary Supplement may have found a possible source or sources for posh. Another wordposh was 19th- and early 20th-century British slang for "money,” specifically "a halfpenny, cash of small value.”This word is borrowed from the common Romany wordpåšh, "half,” which was used in combinations such aspåšhera, "halfpenny.” Posh, also meaning "a dandy,” is recorded in two dictionaries of slang published in 1890 and 1902,although this particularposh may be still another word. This word or these words, however, are much more likely to be the source ofposh than "Port Out, Starboard Home,” although the latter source certainly has caught the public's etymological fancy.“哦是的，妈妈，我们在那里过着豪华的生活。”因此在1918年9月25日的punch 上， 我们看到了那个神秘单词posh 的首次记录， 意为“豪华的，时髦的，”虽然早在1903年P·G·伍德豪斯的名为圣·奥斯汀传说 的作品中就提及了意为"push"的马夹这个词。 后者也可能是另外一个不同的词，但在任何一种情况下两者被使用的时间都很重要，因为它们都反对posh 这个词源于"Port Out，Starboard Home。” 这是意指19世纪中期往来于英格兰及印度的船只中较凉爽、因而票价也就较为昂贵的一侧，而POSH 这个首字缩拼词据说就印在半岛——东方蒸汽船航运公司所拥有的船只上较为凉爽的一侧头等舱的票上。 然而对于这一说法并没有确凿的证据来加以证明。牛津英语词典增补本 也许为 posh 找到了一个或多个可能的词源。 另一个词posh 则是19世纪和20世纪初英国人用来表示“钱”的俚语， 尤指“半便士，小面值钱币。”这个词源于吉卜赛常用词på歨 ，意为“一半”， 用在诸如意为“半便士”的复合词på歨era 中。 Posh 也有“花花公子”之意， 这一用法记录于1890年及1902年出版的两本俚语词典中，尽管这个特有的posh 也有可能是另一个词。 然而这个词及上文提到的那些词比"Port Out，Starboard Home"更有可能是posh 这个词的词源， 虽然后者早被人们确认为这个词的词源〔awkward〕 Awkward and clumsy, the least specific,are often interchangeable.Both emphasize lack of physical dexterity (an awkward dancer; clumsy fingers); both can also suggest embarrassment or lack of ease (several awkward moments in the discussion; offered a clumsy apology). Awkward 和 clumsy 无大的差别，经常是可互换的。两者都是强调缺少身体的灵活性（ 不灵活的跳舞者；笨人）； 两者也都暗示窘迫或不自在（讨论中一些令人窘迫的时刻；表示不安的歉意）。〔hobnob〕The fact that hobnobbing with our social betters may at times be a hit-or-miss propositionhas an etymological justification.The verbhobnob originally meant "to drink together" and occurred as a varying phrase,hob or nob, hob-a-nob, or hob and nob, the first of which is recorded in 1763.This phrasal form reflects the origins of the verb in similar phrasesthat were used when two people were toasting each other.The probable reason that the phrases were so used is thathob is a variant of hab, asnob is of nab, and that these in turn are probably forms of have and its negative. In Middle English, for example, one finds the formshabbe, "to have,” and nabbe, "not to have.” Hab or nab, or simply hab nab, thus meant "get or lose, hit or miss,” and the varianthob-nob also meant "hit or miss.” Used in the drinking phrase,hob or nob would have probably meant "give or take,” and from a drinking situationhob nob spread to other forms of chumminess. 与社会地位比我们高的人亲切交谈有时候是一种随随便便的行为，这种事实是有语源学上的根据的。动词hobnob 的初义为“一起喝酒”， 并有许多变体，如hob or nob ， hob-a-nob 或 hob and nob ， 其中第一个首见于1763年的记录中。这种词组构成反应了类似词组中的动词来源，他们都用于两个人互相敬酒的情况。这种词组如此使用的原因可能因为hob 是 hab 的变体， 而nob 是 nab 的变体，而且这两者又可能是 have 和其否定式的变体。 例如人们在中古英语中可发现habbe “有”和 nabbe “没有”的形式。 Hab or nab 或简作 hab nab， 就指“得到或失去，成功或不成功”， 其变体hob-nob 也有同样的意思“成功或不成功”。 在与饮酒有关的词汇中，hob or nob 可能指“自饮或敬酒，” 并从饮酒情况下使用的hob nob 扩展到其他亲密的场合 〔strass〕both perhaps after Josef Strasser , 18th-century German jeweler 两者可能都源自约瑟夫 斯特拉瑟 ，18世纪德国珠宝商 〔fish〕To proceed with an activity or abandon it altogether.在两者中作出选择：要么继续干下去，要么全部放弃〔electrothermal〕Of, relating to, or involving both electricity and heat.电热的：电热的，与电和热两者有关的〔grand〕These adjectives mean strikingly large in size, scope, or extent.Bothgrand and magnificent apply to what is physically or aesthetically impressive. 这些形容词意指在尺寸、范围或广度上的极大。Grand 和 magnificent 两者均用于表示身体上或美学上给人以深刻印象的。 〔far〕More distant than another:较远的：两者中较远的一个：〔long〕Having the greater length of two or the greatest length of several:较长的，最长的：两者之中较长的一个或多者之中最长的一个：〔meet〕"East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet"(Rudyard Kipling)“东方就是东方，西方就是西方，两者永不会相会”(鲁德雅德·吉卜林)〔both〕One and the other; relating to or being two in conjunction:两者的：一个和另一个；在连接词中表示两个或是两个的：〔mechanical〕A layout consisting of type proofs, artwork, or both, exactly positioned and prepared for making an offset or other printing plate.版面设计：由活字校样、图片或两者共同组成的编排，用做胶版或其他形式的印刷版〔caste〕Portuguese casta [race, caste] [both from feminine of] casto [pure] 葡萄牙语 casta [种族，种姓] 两者皆源自casto的阴性词 [纯洁的] 〔shakedown〕In 1969 a majority of the members of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Panel felt that the noun shakedown in the sense "extortion" and the related phrasal verb shake down were acceptable in writing, though both are now labeledslang. It would seem that certain usages take a while to attain respectability because of the company they keep.Shake and the verb phrase shake out of already meant "to steal" in Middle English. This usage ofshake is still found in the 19th and 20th centuries. Bothshake and shake out of in the sense "to steal" are clearly related to shake down, which is first recorded in 1872, shake down being glossed "to extort money from individuals.” This is a slang usage,probably occurring, as had the verbshake, largely in contexts having to do with criminal or corrupt behavior. As our Panel realized,the verb and the later nounshakedown (first recorded in 1902 in the United States) have now moved from the lingo of criminals, loan sharks, and politicians into wider currency. 1969年，大多数美国经典辞书 用法研究小组的成员认为名词 shakedown （意为“敲诈”）及相关的短语动词 shake down 在写作中是可接受的， 虽然现在两者均被标以俚语。 与之有关的意义似乎有些用法需要一些时间来获得社会的承认。在中世纪英语中，Shake 和 shake out of 已经意味着“偷盗” 。 shake 的这种用法仍见于19世纪和20世纪。 Shake 及 shake out of （意为“偷盗”）明显与 shake down （首次记载于1872年）有所联系。 shake down 被解释为“从个人处敲诈金钱”。 这是俚语用法，很可能如动词shake 一样，大量用于与犯罪或腐败行为有关的语境中。 正如我们的用法研究小组所意识到的，该动词及后来的名词shakedown （在美国最早记载于1902年）已从罪犯、高利贷者及政客的语汇发展到更广泛的使用领域 〔qualm〕"The British Empire and the United States will have to be somewhat mixed up together . . . for mutual and general advantage.For my own part . . . I do not view the process with any misgivings" (Winston S. Churchill).“大不列颠王国和美国将不得不在一定程度上混合在一起…因为两者共同的和普遍的利益。对于我这方面…我不认为这个过程有任何疑虑” （温斯顿·S·丘吉尔）〔detective〕The first detective may have come into existence before the word itself.C. Auguste Dupin, Edgar Allan Poe's hero in "The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” which is considered the world's first real detective story,was introduced to the world in 1841.Nine years later we find the first recorded instance of the worddetective, although the phrases detective police and detective policeman, from which it was shortened, are recorded first in 1843. Hence, Dupin precedes all recorded instances ofdetective, just as he precedes all other detectives.第一个侦探在“侦探“这个词出现以前就出现了。C·奥古斯·杜平，埃德加·爱波·伦的小说《莫格街谋杀案》（这本书被认为是世界上第一本真正的侦探小说）中的主人公，在1841年被介绍给全世界。虽然词条detective police 和 detective policeman (detective就是这两者的缩写）首次被记载是在1843年，但九年后，我们才找到对 detective 这个词的第一次记载。 迄今为止，杜平最早记载detective ， 正如他就是最早的侦探一样〔anachrony〕Discrepancy between the chronological order of events and the order in which they are related in a plot.时代错误，年代误植：事件的年代顺序与故事情节中的这些相关事件顺序两者不符〔near〕Closer of two or more:较近的：两者或多者当中较接近的一方的：〔perianth〕The outer envelope of a flower, consisting of either the calyx or the corolla, or both.花被：花的外层包被，包括花萼或花冠或两者兼具〔equilateralism〕A political theory holding that since the United States and the Soviet Union are equal in strength, Europe should distance itself equally, and as far as possible, from both.均衡主义：一种政治理论，认为既然美国和苏联力量一样强大，那么欧洲就应该离两者一样远，而且越远越好〔neither〕Not one or the other; not either:两者都不是的：非两者中的一个或另一个的；两个都不是的：〔either〕The one or the other:任一，两方，随便哪一个：两者中的一个或另一个：〔either〕One and the other; each:两方的，各自的：（两者之中）一个和另一个；每个的：〔between〕certainlybetween would be impossible). Between is the preferred choice when the entities are seen as determining the limits or endpoints of a range: 后一句亦可适用于当仅有两者时的情况；当然between 是不可能的）。 实体被视为确定某范围的界限或终点时，更适合选择用between ： 〔lesser〕chose the lesser evil.选择两者中较小者〔either〕Any one of two; one or the other:任一的：两者之中任一的；一个或另一个：〔superstation〕A television or radio station that broadcasts to a nationwide audience by satellite, cable, or both.超级电台或电视台：信号通过卫星、电缆或两者同时传播，向全国听众或观众播送的电台或电视台〔claustrophobic〕This latter usage was unacceptable to 74 percent of the members of the Usage Panel,many of whom said thatclaustrophobic should be used only to describe a psychological state. In defense of this usage,however, it can be pointed out that it is well establishedand that it follows a general tendencyto combine adjectives with nouns according to a progressively looser construal of the semantic connection between the two.Thus the phrasetopless swimsuit came to be followed by topless dancers, which led in turn totopless bars, topless districts, and topless ordinances. By the same token,a room that induces a particular emotion may be described assad or cheerful without objection, and there seems to be no principled basis for drawing the line at calling itclaustrophobic. 后种用法为用法使用小组中74%的成员所不接受，其中许多人说claustrophobic 应只能用来描述一种心理状态。 为维护这种用法，毕竟要指出这种用法已经很好地确定了下来，并且它跟随一种普遍倾向，即通过对形容词与名词之间语义联系积极的、更密切的解释将两者合并。这样，词组topless swimsuit 导引出 topless dancers， 随之又引出topless bars，topless district 和 topless ordinance 。 用同样的表示法，导致一种特殊情绪的状况可描述为无任何异议的sad 或 cheerful ， 称其为claustrophobic 似乎不存在什么描述性的原则 〔positronium〕A short-lived association of an electron and a positron bound together in a configuration resembling the hydrogen atom.电子偶素，正电子素：电子与正电子的短暂结合物，两者的结合物与氢原子的结构十分相似〔abrupt〕Touching on one subject after another with sudden transitions:不连贯的，支离破碎的：涉及一个主题紧接另一个主题时两者间的突然改变的：〔likeness〕 Analogy is similarity, as of properties or functions,between unlike things that are otherwise not comparable: Analogy 指特征或职能的相似，除此之外两者极不相似而无从比较： 〔Buddhism〕The doctrine, attributed to Buddha, that suffering is inseparable from existence but that inward extinction of the self and of worldly desire culminates in a state of spiritual enlightenment beyond both suffering and existence.佛教：佛教教义，认为生存与痛苦是不可分割的，但在超越这两者的精神开悟状态下，可以将我执和世俗的欲望彻底消除〔medicolegal〕Of, relating to, or concerned with medicine and law.法医学的：属于或关于医学和法律两者的〔ambsace〕ambō [both] ambō [两者] |
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