| 单词 | 中曾 |
| 释义 | 〔McNaughton〕Canadian general and public official who commanded Canadian troops in Great Britain (1942-1944) and was secretary of national defense (1944-1945).麦克诺登，安德鲁·乔治·拉塔：(1887-1966) 加拿大将军、公务官员，二战中曾在大不列颠指挥加拿大军队(1942-1944年），曾任国防部长(1944-1945年）〔Fall〕American politician who as U.S. secretary of the interior (1921-1923) unlawfully transferred ownership of government land to private businessmen in the Teapot Dome scandal.福尔，阿尔贝特·巴昆：(1861-1944) 美国政治家，作为内务秘书（1921-1923年）在蒂波特山丑闻中曾将政府属地非法卖给私有商人〔Pulaski〕Polish patriot and general who aided American forces in the Revolutionary War, commanding the defense of Charleston (1779) and leading a cavalry brigade in the siege of Savannah, during which he was mortally wounded.普瓦斯基，卡齐米尔：(1747-1779) 波兰爱国主义者和将军，在美国独立战争中曾支持美军，指挥了查理斯顿防御战(1779年）并在萨瓦纳之围时率领一个骑兵旅，在这场战斗中受重伤而牺牲〔Laffite〕French pirate leader who aided U.S. troops in the War of 1812 in return for an official pardon for his crimes.拉菲特，简：(1780?-1826?) 法国海盗首领，作为对官方赦免他罪行的回报，他在1812年战争中曾帮助过美国舰队〔Salamis〕An ancient city of eastern Cyprus. According to tradition, it was founded c. 1180b.c. by Teucer, a hero of the Trojan War, and was visited by Saint Paul during his first missionary journey. The city was abandoned after a.d. 648. 萨拉米斯：塞浦路斯东部一古城，据说公元前 1180年被特洛伊战争中的英雄图瑟发现，圣保罗在其第一次传教旅程中曾访问此城 公元 648年以后此城被放弃 〔Clemenceau〕French politician who served as premier (1906-1909 and 1917-1920) and played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1919).克列孟梭，乔治斯：(1841-1929) 法国政治家，曾任总理（1906-1909年及1917-1920年），在凡尔赛条约（1919年）的谈判中曾起过关键性的作用〔Aisne〕A river of northern France rising in the Argonne Forest and flowing about 266 km (165 mi) northwest and west to the Oise River. Four major World War I battles were fought along its banks, including the final defeat of the Germans by French and American troops in September-October 1918.埃纳河：法国北部的河流，发源于阿尔贡森林，向西北部和西部流经约266公里（165英里）注入瓦兹河。第一次世界大战中曾有四次主要战役在此河岸发生，包括1918年9月至10月间法国和美国军队最后击败德军的战役〔that〕The standard rule isthatthat should be used only to introduce a restrictive (or "defining") relative clause, which serves to identify the entity being talked about;in this useit should never be preceded by a comma.Thus, we sayThe house that Jack built has been torn down, where the clausethat Jack built tells which house was torn down, orI am looking for a book that is easy to read, wherethat is easy to read tells what kind of book is desired. Onlywhich is to be used with nonrestrictive (or "nondefining") clauses, which give additional information about an entity that has already been identified in the context;in this use,which is always preceded by a comma. Thus, we sayThe students in Chemistry 10 have been complaining about the textbook, which (not that ) is hard to follow. The clausewhich is hard to follow does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if it were omitted,we would know that the phrasethe textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 10. The use ofthat in nonrestrictive clauses like this, though once common in writing and still frequent in speech,is best avoided in formal style. ·Some grammarians have argued that symmetry requires thatwhich should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses, asthat is to be used only in restrictive clauses. Thus, they suggest that we should avoid sentences such asI need a book which will tell me all about city gardening, where the clausewhich will tell me all about city gardening indicates which sort of book is needed. Such use ofwhich is useful where two or more relative clauses are joined by and or or, as inIt is a philosophy in which the common man may find solace and which many have found reason to praise. Which is also preferred to introduce a restrictive relative clausewhen the preceding phrase itself contains athat, as inI can only give you that which I don't need (not that that I don't need ) or We want to assign only that book which will be most helpful (preferred tothat book that will be most helpful ). · That may be omitted in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the referent of the phrase preceding the clause. Thus, we may say eitherthe book that I was reading or the book I was reading, where the subject of the clause (I ) is not the referent of the phrase the book. Omission ofthat in these cases has sometimes been described as incorrect, but the practice is extremely common and has ample precedent in reputable writing. ·There have also been occasional objections to the omission ofthat in its use to introduce a subordinate clause, as inI think we should try again. But this usage is entirely idiomatic and is in fact favored with some of the verb phrases that can introduce such clauses:thus, one would more normally write 标准规则中，that 应只被用于引导限定性（或“确定的”）关系从句， 这些从句用于明确正被谈论的实体；在这种情况下，前面决不能有逗号。因此，我们说杰克建的房子已经拆毁了 ， 在这里，从句杰克所建的 指明哪幢房子被拆毁了， 或者我正在找一本易读的书 ， 在这里，易读的 指明哪类书是需要的。 只有which 用于非限定性（或“不确定的”）从句中， 为已经在上下文中定义的实体提供附加信息；在此用法中，which 之前总有逗号。 因此，我们说化学10班的学生一直在抱怨这课本，实在 （不是 that ) 是太难懂了 。 从句which is hard to follow 并不指明哪一课本被抱怨； 即使它被省略，我们也知道the textbook 指化学10班的课本。 That 象这样用于非限定性从句中， 虽然在写作中曾很普遍而且在口语中依然频繁出现，但在正式文体中最好避免使用。一些语法学家认为对称性要求which 应只用于非限定性从句中， 就象that 只用于限定性从句中。 因此，他们建议我们应该避免诸如我需要一本关于城市园艺的书 这样的句子， 这里从句which will tell me all about city gardening 指明需要何种书。 当两个或多个关系从句被and 或 or 连接时， which 的这种用法很有用， 如是哲学使普通人找到慰藉并使许多人有理由去称颂。 Which 也用作引导限定性关系从句，在当前置短语中含有that 时， 如我只能给你我不需要的东西 （不是 that that I don't need )或 我们只想分发那本最用的书 （好于that book that will be most helpful )。 当从句主语与从句前短语所指不一致时，that 在关系从句中可以省略。 因此，我们可以说the book that I was reading 或者 the book I was reading 。 在这里，从句主语(I )和短语 the book 的主语不同。 在这些情况下，that 的省略有时被认为是错误的， 但是这在实际中极普遍而且在规范写作中有充分的先例。对于that 用于引导从句时被省略偶然持有异议， 如在我认为我们应该再试一次 中。 但这种用法完全符合语法而且实际上有一些引导这样从句的短语支持；因此，可以正常应用 〔Fairfax〕English general who commanded (1642-1650) Parliamentary forces during the English Civil War.费尔法克斯，托马斯：(1612-1671) 英国将军，在英国内战中曾指挥议会军(1642-1650年）〔Dirksen〕American politician who represented Illinois in the U.S. Congress (1933-1969) and was known for his flamboyant oratory.德克森，埃弗里特·麦金雷：(1896-1969) 美国政治家，在美国国会(1933-1969年）中曾代表伊利诺斯州，而且以其华丽的言辞而闻名〔Doenitz〕German naval officer who was chief naval commander during World War II and briefly headed the German government after the death of Adolf Hitler (1945).德尼茨，卡尔：(1891-1980) 二战中曾任海军总司令的德国海军军官，1945年希特勒死后曾短期领导德国政府 |
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