| 单词 | 中期 |
| 释义 | 〔Hoboken〕A city of northeast New Jersey on the Hudson River opposite Manhattan. Now a railroad hub and busy seaport, it was a resort and amusement center for New Yorkers before the mid-19th century. Population, 33,397.霍波肯：美国新泽西州东北部一城市，位于哈得孙河畔且与曼哈顿对望。现在是铁路中枢和繁忙海港，19世纪中期前是纽约人的渡假胜地和娱乐中心。人口33,397〔midterm〕The middle of an academic term or a political term of office.期中，中期：学期的期中或职务任期的中期〔Maharashtra〕A historical region of west-central India. It was controlled by the Moslem rulers of India from the early 14th to the mid-17th century and incorporated by the British into the province of Bombay in the 19th century. The Marathi-speaking section of the region became a separate state in 1960.马哈拉施特拉邦：印度历史上中西部的一个地区。从14世纪早期到17世纪中期由印度的穆斯林统治者控制，到19世纪被英国人并入孟买省。说马拉地语的那部分地区在1960年成为一个独立的邦〔metaphase〕The stage of mitosis and meiosis, following prophase and preceding anaphase, during which the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate.中期：细胞核的有丝分裂和减数分裂阶段，发生于前期之后和后期之前，在此期间内染色体在中期板平面上定向排列〔lava〕Lava was appropriately named by people living near Mount Vesuvius.The only active volcano on the European mainland, Vesuvius has erupted frequently since Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried by it ina.d. 79. The Neapolitans who lived in the vicinity took a word in Italian,lava, meaning "a stream caused suddenly by rain,” and applied it to the streams of molten rock coming down the sides of Vesuvius. The term was then taken into Standard Italian,where it came to mean the rock in both its molten and its solidified states.The Italian word in all its senses was borrowed into English around the middle of the 18th century (1750 being the earliest date of record).火山岩这一恰当的名称是由生活在维苏威火山附近的居民命名的。维苏威火山是欧洲大陆唯一的活火山，自从公元 79年庞贝和赫库兰尼姆被它埋没以来，它一直频繁爆发。 生活在附近的那不勒斯人用意大利语中的一个单词lava 指代从维苏威火山上流淌下来的熔化岩石流，而这个词的本意是“由雨水骤然形成的溪流”。 这一词语被纳入标准意大利语，意为处于熔化或凝固状态的岩石。大约在18世纪中期，这一意大利单词和其含义都被借用到英语之中（最早的记录见于1750年）〔Norwalk〕A city of southwest Connecticut on Long Island Sound northeast of Stamford. Founded in the mid-1600's, it was burned by the British in the American Revolution. Population, 78,331.诺沃克：美国康涅狄格州西南的城市，位于史丹福东北长岛海峡上。建于17世纪中期，在美国独立战争时被英国人烧毁。人口78,331〔middle〕Intervening between an earlier and a later period of time; being an intermediate part of a sequence or series:中期的；中间的：在早期和晚期的中间的；作为一系列或者一连串的中间部分的：〔Fez〕A city of north-central Morocco northeast of Casablanca. The oldest part of the city was founded in the 9th century and reached the height of its influence in the mid-14th century. Population, 448,823.斐兹：摩洛哥中北部一城市，位于卡萨布兰卡东北部。该城最古老的部分建于9世纪，在14世纪中期影响颇大。人口448,823〔Minnesota〕A state of the northern United States bordering on Lake Superior and on Manitoba and Ontario, Canada. It was admitted as the 32nd state in 1858. First explored by the French in the mid-17th century, the area became part of the United States through the Treaty of Paris (1783) and the Louisiana Purchase (1803). St. Paul is the capital and Minneapolis the largest city. Population, 4,387,029.明尼苏达州：美国北部的一个州，隔苏必利尔湖与加拿大马尼托巴省和安大略省相望。于1858年成为美国的第32个州。在17世纪中期法国人开始探索这一地区，后通过巴黎条约（1783年）和路易斯安那置地（1803年）成为美国的一部分。首府为圣保罗，最大城市为明尼阿波利斯。人口4,387,029〔Thebes〕An ancient city of Upper Egypt on the Nile River in present-day central Egypt. It flourished from the mid-22nd to the 18th centuryb.c. as a royal residence and a religious center for the worship of Amen. Its archaeological remains include many splendid temples and the tomb of Tutankhamen in the nearby Valley of the Kings. 底比斯：上埃及古城，濒临尼罗河，位于今埃及中部。曾为皇室居地和亚扪神膜拜的宗教中心，从公元前 22世纪中期到公元前18世纪曾繁荣一时。建筑遗迹包括许多辉煌的神殿和国王谷附近的杜唐卡蒙陵墓 〔Perth〕A burgh of central Scotland on the Tay River north-northwest of Edinburgh. The capital of Scotland from the 11th to the mid-15th century, it was the site of John Knox's sermon against idolatry in 1559. Population, 42,000.佩思：苏格兰中部一城镇，位于泰河河畔、爱丁堡西北偏北。从11到15世纪中期为苏格兰的首都。曾是1559年约翰·诺克斯发表反对偶像崇拜演说的地方。人口42,000〔Calusa〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting the southwest coast of Florida from Tampa Bay to the Florida Keys. The Calusa were extinct by the mid-18th century.凯鲁萨族：过去定居于坦帕湾至佛罗里达群岛之间的佛罗里达州西南海岸一带的北美原住民族。凯鲁萨族在18世纪中期完全绝迹〔Palladian〕Of or characteristic of an architectural style of the mid 18th century derived from that of Palladio, especially in Britain.帕拉迪奥式建筑的：18世纪中期的一种建筑风格的或有其特点的，起源于帕拉第奥的建筑风格，尤其是在英国〔ferninst〕Ferninst, meaning "opposite, next to, against,” has been attributed to Irish English, brought over during the peak years of Irish immigration to the United States in the mid-19th century. However, other, earlier citations with various spellings date further back: "I walked with them to a room nearly fornent the old state-house" (Davy Crockett). These variant forms are traceable to the American colonial period, when the source of ferninst was probably Scotland or other parts of the British Isles. The term is now dying out; Craig M. Carver, in his book American Regional Dialects, reports that "only nine [ DARE ] informants, all well over sixty-five years of age, used this term.” A derived noun ferninster, meaning "someone who is deliberately contrary,” is also used: "The trouble with the Republican leaders in Congress . . . is that they are just ferninsters" (William Allen White). Ferninst 的意思是“在…对面、附近或旁边，”该词曾被认为属于爱尔兰英语，是19世纪中期爱尔兰人迁移到美国的高峰期带来的。然而，其它或更早的不同拼写的引证可追溯到更远： “我和他们走到几乎正对着那个旧客舱的一个屋子里” （戴维克·罗克特）。这些不同的形式可追溯到美国殖民时期， ferninst 的起源可能是苏格兰或英国小岛的其他部分。这个词条现在消失了；克瑞格·M·卡文，在他的书 美国地区方言 中记述了“仅九个[ 美国方言 资料提供者，年纪都已过了六十五岁，用这个词条”。派生的名词 ferninster， 意思是“故意相反的人，”也用于： 共和党领导在议会中的麻烦…是因为他们只是些自相矛盾的人 （威廉·艾伦·怀特） 〔Versailles〕A city of north-central France west-southwest of Paris. It is best known for its magnificent palace, built by Louis XIV in the mid-17th century, where the treaty ending World War I was signed in 1919. Population, 91,494.凡尔赛：法国中北部的一个城市，位于巴黎西南以西。该城以其由路易十四世于17世纪中期建造的宏伟宫殿而闻名，终结第一次世界大战的条约于1919年签订于此。人口91,494〔Vologda〕A city of north-central European U.S.S.R. north-northeast of Moscow. It was founded in the mid-12th century by merchants from Novgorod and passed to Moscow in 1478. Population, 269,000.沃洛格达：苏联欧洲部分中北部城市，位于莫斯科东北偏北。12世纪中期由从诺夫格罗德里来的商人建立，1478年归于莫斯科。人口269,000〔Manchester〕The largest city of New Hampshire, in the southeast part of the state on the Merrimack River north of Nashua. Incorporated as Derryfield in 1751 and renamed in 1810, it was an important textile center from the mid-1800's until the 1930's. Population, 99,567.曼彻斯特市：美国新罕布什尔州最大的城市，位于纳什阿的北面，该州东南部的梅里马克河沿岸。1751年建城时命名为德里菲尔德。1810年改为此名。从19世纪中期直到20世纪30年代，它都是个重要的纺织中心。人口99,567〔crescendo〕"The designer-name craze crescendoed in the mid-seventies"(Bernice Kanner)“崇尚设计师之名狂热在七十年代中期达到高潮”(伯尼斯·坎纳)〔perestroika〕The organizational restructuring of the Soviet economy and bureaucracy that was begun in the mid 1980's.调整：开始于20世纪80年代中期对苏联经济和官僚政治的重新组织〔pant〕It would seem unlikely that the name of a 4th-century Roman Catholic saint should be the ultimate source of a word for a modern article of clothing commonly worn by both men and women.Pants, however, can be traced back to Pantaleon, the patron saint of Venice. He became so closely associated with the inhabitants of that citythat the Venetians became popularly known asPantaloni. Consequently, among the commedia dell'arte's stock characters the representative Venetian (a stereotypically wealthy but miserly merchant) was calledPantalone. His name in French,Pantalon, was borrowed into English (first recorded around 1590). During the middle of the 17th centurythe French came to identify him with one particular style of trousers,and this same style became known aspantaloons in English. Pantaloons was later applied to another style of trousers that came into fashion toward the end of the 18th century, tight-fitting garments that had begun to replace knee breeches.After thatpantaloons was used to refer to trousers in general. The last step in the development of the wordpants met with some resistance. This abbreviation ofpantaloon was considered vulgar and, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it,"a word not made for gentlemen, but ‘gents.’”First found in the writings of Edgar Allan Poe in 1840,pants has replaced the "gentleman's word" in English and has lost all obvious connection to Saint Pantaleon.看起来一位公元4世纪的罗马天主教徒的名字似乎不可能是这个做为男人和女人平常都穿的布做的现代物品的根本词源。Pants 但可以追溯到奥塔莱昂，威尼斯的庇护神。 他变得与这座城市里的居民联系得这样紧密，以至于威尼斯人也通俗的被称为Pantaloni 。 结果，在即兴喜剧的角色中那个有代表性的威尼斯人（一个愚富而吝啬的商人）被称作Pantalone。 他的法语名字Panlalon 被借用到英语中（初次记录大约在1590年）。 在17世纪中期，法国人开始把它与一种特殊类型的裤子等同起来，同一种类型的裤子在英语中是pantaloons 。 Pantaloons 后来被用作另一种类型的裤子并在18世纪末日渐流行， 紧身衣服已经开始取代齐膝马裤。在那以后，pantaloons 被用来泛指裤子。 在pants 一词发展的最后遇到了一些阻力。 Pantaloon 的缩写被认为是粗俗的， 并且正如奥立弗·温德尔·霍姆斯所说，“并不是为绅士而造的词，而是为‘家伙们所造’”。最早在1840年发现于艾德加·爱伦·坡的作品中，pants 在英语中已经替代了那个“绅士的语言”， 而且显然已失去了和圣奥塔莱昂的一切联系〔Passamaquoddy〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting parts of coastal Maine and New Brunswick along the Bay of Fundy, with present-day descendants in eastern Maine. The Passamaquoddy helped form the Abenaki confederacy in the mid-18th century.帕萨马科迪族：印第安民族，过去曾居住在美国缅因州的部分沿海地区和芬迪湾沿岸的新不伦瑞克，其现代后裔居住在美国缅因州东部。帕萨马科迪族在18世纪中期曾帮助建立过阿布纳基联盟〔Abenaki〕A confederacy of Abenaki and other peoples formed in the mid-18th century in opposition to the Iroquois confederacy and the English colonists.阿贝内基联盟：阿贝内基人和其他一些民族在18世纪中期为反对易洛魁人联盟和英国殖民者而建立的联盟〔posh〕"Oh yes, Mater, we had a posh time of it down there.”So inPunch for September 25, 1918, do we find the first recorded instance of that mysterious wordposh, meaning "smart and fashionable,”although in a 1903 book by P.G. Wodehouse,Tales of St. Austin's, there is a mention of a waistcoat that was "push.” The latter may be a different word,but in either case the dates of occurrence are importantbecause they are part of the objection to derivingposh from the initials of "Port Out, Starboard Home.” This was the cooler, and thus more expensive, side of ships traveling between England and India in the mid-19th century,and the acronymPOSH was supposedly stamped on the tickets of first-class passengers traveling on that side of ships owned by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. No evidence is definitely known to exist for this theory, however.TheOxford English Dictionary Supplement may have found a possible source or sources for posh. Another wordposh was 19th- and early 20th-century British slang for "money,” specifically "a halfpenny, cash of small value.”This word is borrowed from the common Romany wordpåšh, "half,” which was used in combinations such aspåšhera, "halfpenny.” Posh, also meaning "a dandy,” is recorded in two dictionaries of slang published in 1890 and 1902,although this particularposh may be still another word. This word or these words, however, are much more likely to be the source ofposh than "Port Out, Starboard Home,” although the latter source certainly has caught the public's etymological fancy.“哦是的，妈妈，我们在那里过着豪华的生活。”因此在1918年9月25日的punch 上， 我们看到了那个神秘单词posh 的首次记录， 意为“豪华的，时髦的，”虽然早在1903年P·G·伍德豪斯的名为圣·奥斯汀传说 的作品中就提及了意为"push"的马夹这个词。 后者也可能是另外一个不同的词，但在任何一种情况下两者被使用的时间都很重要，因为它们都反对posh 这个词源于"Port Out，Starboard Home。” 这是意指19世纪中期往来于英格兰及印度的船只中较凉爽、因而票价也就较为昂贵的一侧，而POSH 这个首字缩拼词据说就印在半岛——东方蒸汽船航运公司所拥有的船只上较为凉爽的一侧头等舱的票上。 然而对于这一说法并没有确凿的证据来加以证明。牛津英语词典增补本 也许为 posh 找到了一个或多个可能的词源。 另一个词posh 则是19世纪和20世纪初英国人用来表示“钱”的俚语， 尤指“半便士，小面值钱币。”这个词源于吉卜赛常用词på歨 ，意为“一半”， 用在诸如意为“半便士”的复合词på歨era 中。 Posh 也有“花花公子”之意， 这一用法记录于1890年及1902年出版的两本俚语词典中，尽管这个特有的posh 也有可能是另一个词。 然而这个词及上文提到的那些词比"Port Out，Starboard Home"更有可能是posh 这个词的词源， 虽然后者早被人们确认为这个词的词源〔bestride〕"Hitler's ghost, the specter that . . . bestrides mid-twentieth-century history"(Economist)“希特勒的幽灵…笼罩着20世纪中期的历史”(经济学家)〔Malecite〕A Native American people inhabiting the St. John River valley in New Brunswick and northeast Maine. The Malecite helped form the Abenaki confederacy in the mid-18th century.马莱西特：居住于加拿大新不伦瑞克省的圣约翰河谷和美国缅因州东北部的一支美洲土著人。在18世纪中期，马莱西特人曾帮助建立起阿伯纳基联邦〔Miller〕American writer whose best-known work, the narrative poemThe White Cliffs (1940), describes Great Britain in the midst of World War II. 米勒，艾丽斯·杜尔：(1874-1942) 美国作家，其最著名的作品为叙事诗《白崖》 （1940年），描写第二次世界大战中期的英国 〔Greek〕Greek language and literature from the middle of the eighth centuryb.c. to the end of the third century a.d. , especially the Attic Greek of the fifth and fourth centuries b.c. . 希腊文化：从公元前 8世纪中期到 公元 3世纪末的希腊语言和文学，尤指 公元前 5世纪和4世纪希腊阿提卡时期的语言和文学 〔Franklin〕American singer whose popular songs of the mid-1960's include "Respect.”富兰克林，阿希亚：(生于 1942) 美国歌唱家，她的20世纪60年代中期最著名的歌曲有“尊重”〔Marion〕American screenwriter who won an Academy Award forThe Big House (1930) and The Champ (1932). She was the highest-paid screenwriter in Hollywood from 1916 through the mid-1930s. 马利恩，弗朗西丝：美国电影编剧，因《牢狱鸳鸯》 （1930年）及 《赤子情》 （1932年）两部剧作获奥斯卡奖。她在1916 至30年代 中期是好莱坞中收入最高的编剧 〔pantalet〕Long underpants trimmed with ruffles extending below the skirt, worn by women in the mid-19th century. Often used in the plural.荷叶边长内裤：饰有延伸至裙子以下的褶皱的长内裤，19世纪中期为妇女所穿。通常用作复数〔Hapsburg〕A royal German family that supplied rulers to a number of European states from the late Middle Ages until the 20th century. The Hapsburgs reached the height of their power under Charles V of Spain. When Charles abdicated (1558), the empire was divided between the Spanish and Austrian lines. The Spanish branch ceased to rule after 1700 and the Austrian branch after 1918.哈布斯堡家族：一个自中世纪中期至二十世纪为欧洲国家提供领导者的德国皇室家族，哈布斯堡家族在西班牙的查理五世之下其权力达到鼎盛，当查理退位时（1558年），帝国分裂为西班牙及奥地利两系，西班牙分支于1700年终止其统治，然而奥地利分支则于1918年之后方终止其统治〔shyster〕The origin ofshyster was not known for certain until recently. According to one etymology,shyster comes from the surname of one Scheuster, a disreputable and almost certainly nonexistent mid-19th-century attorney.In his bookHuman Words, a collection of words formed from the names of people, Robert Hendrickson says that Dr. Henry Bosley Woolf and others "list the New York advocate as a possible source.”But the actual etymology, according to Gerald L. Cohen, a student of the word,is less flattering.According to this etymology,the word is derived from the German termscheisser, meaning literally "one who defecates,”from the verbscheissen, "to defecate,” with the English suffix-ster, "one who does,” substituted for the German suffix -er, meaning the same thing. Sheisser, which is chiefly a pejorative term, is the German equivalent of our English termsbastard and son of a bitch. Sheisser is generally thought to have been borrowed directly into English as the word shicer, which, among other things, is an Australian English term for an unproductive mine or claim,a sense that is also recorded for the wordshyster. shyster 一词的来源直到最近才能较确切地弄清楚。 根据词源，shyster 来自一个叫 Scheuster 的人的姓， 他是一位声名狼籍而且很可能并不存在的19世纪中期的律师。罗伯特·亨德里克森在他的人类词汇 （一本由人名组成的词汇集）一书中说， 亨利·博斯利·任尔夫博士和其他的人“将纽约的鼓吹者列为一种可能的出处”。但是据加兰德·L·科恩——一位研究词汇的学生看来，这个词的真正词源更令人不快。根据这种词源，这个词来自德语Scheisser， 字面意义为“大便的人”，是从动词scheissen “排泄”而来， 用一英语词缀-ster （做…的人）代替了表相同意义的德语词缀 -er 。 Sheisser 主要用作贬蔑语， 在德语中相当于我们英语中bastard 及 son of a bitch。 Sheisser一般被认为是直接借入英语作为 Schicer 一词， 在澳式英语中指不再产出的矿山或没有结果的要求，这一意义也被记录在Shyster 这个词中 〔Wappinger〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting the east bank of the Hudson River from Poughkeepsie to Manhattan and closely related to the Munsee-speaking peoples. The Wappinger dispersed to other Native American groups after warfare with the Dutch in the mid-17th century.瓦平格尔族：美国土著族之一，早先居住于从波基普西到曼哈顿的哈得孙河东岸，与说蒙西语的民族有密切联系。瓦平格尔人在17世纪中期与荷兰人交战之后分散到美国其它土著居民群落中〔Dharuk〕A member of an Aboriginal people of southeast Australia, the first to be encountered by English settlers in 1788 and since the mid-19th century culturally assimilated into the Australian population.达鲁克人：澳大利亚东南部的原住民民族的成员，是1788年英国移居者所遇到的首个民族。从19世纪中期开始，文化上就被同化成澳洲的居民〔Tuscany〕A region of northwest Italy between the northern Apennines and the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas. Inhabited in ancient times by the Etruscans, it fell to Rome in the mid-fourth centuryb.c. Tuscany was a grand duchy under the Medicis (1569-1860) and subsequently became united with the kingdom of Sardinia. 托斯卡：意大利西北部的一个地区，位于亚平宁山脉北部、利古里亚海和第勒尼安海之间，在古代由埃特锝鲁斯堪人居住，在公元前 4世纪中期被罗马人占领。托斯卡纳是梅迪西斯统治下的一个庞大的公爵封地(1569年-1860年），后来它与撒丁尼亚尼亚王国合并 〔Wesel〕A city of west-central Germany on the Rhine River northwest of Essen. First mentioned in the eighth century, it joined the Hanseatic League in 1407 and passed to Brandenburg in the mid-1600's. Wesel was almost totally destroyed by air raids during World War II. Population, 54,895.韦瑟尔：德国中西部一城市，位于埃森市西北莱茵河河畔。最早在8世纪被提及，在1407年它加入了汉萨同盟，在17世纪中期为勃兰登堡的一部分。在二战中，韦瑟尔在空袭中几乎被全部炸毁。人口54,895〔milquetoast〕An indication of the effect on the English language of popular culture such as that found in comic strips is the adoption of names from the strips as English words.Casper Milquetoast, created by Harold Webster in 1924, was a timid and retiring man,whose name was, of course, created from the name of a timid food.The first instance ofmilquetoast as a common noun is found in the mid-1930's. Milquetoast thus joins the ranks of other such words, includingsad sack, from a blundering army private invented by George Baker in 1942,andWimpy, from J. Wellington Wimpy in the Popeye comic strip, which became a trade name for a hamburger.If we look to the related world of the animated cartoon,we must of course acknowledgeMickey Mouse, which has become a slang term for something that is easy, insignificant, small-time, worthless, or petty. 如果我们要在戏剧漫画中找到流行文化对英语语言的影响，那么漫画中的人物的名字被接受为英语单词可以算是例证了，1924年赫拉德·韦伯斯特所创造的卡斯珀·米尔克吐斯特是一个胆小如鼠的人，他的名字当然是从一种非常柔软的食品而得来。Milquetoast 作为一个普通名词的第一例子于20世纪30年代中期被发现。 这样milquetoast 就加入了一类词， 这类词包括sad sack ， 一个由乔治·贝克于1942年发明指代愚蠢的陆军士兵的词汇，和Wimpy ，一个从滑稽漫画 突眼 中的丁·惠灵顿·温皮而得来的词， 它现在已成为汉堡包的商标。如果我们再看看相关的动画世界，我们当然得承认米奇老鼠 现在已成为指代容易的、不重要的、没有价值的或琐碎的东西的一个俚语词 〔stove〕A stove to us is something we expect to find in a room,but at one timea stove was a room,specifically, a room for taking a hot-air or steam bath (first recorded in 1456).Around 1545 the word is recorded with reference to another room, such as a bedroom, heated with a furnace.The devices used to heat these rooms came to be calledstoves as well, a use first found sometime between 1550 and 1625.Of course, heating devices that we would callstoves had long been in existence, going back to Roman times.However, the stove as the chief cooking device, taking the place of the fireplace, dates only to around the mid-19th century with the widespread use of wood-burning or coal-burning cooking stoves.对于我们来说，火炉是我们可以在屋内找到的东西，但是有一段时间，这种东西指的是一个房间，尤其是取得热空气或供蒸汽浴的房间（首次记载于1456年）。1545年前后，该词又记载了另一含义，指另一种带有火炉取暖的房间，如卧室。这些屋内用于取暖的器具也被称作stoves， 该用法首次发现于1550年到1625年间。当然，我们称为stoves 的加热器具已经很久以前就存在了， 可以上溯到古罗马时期。但是，该词代替壁炉成为主要的烹饪器具只能追溯到19世纪中期，那时以木材或煤作燃料的烹饪火炉得到大规模地推广使用〔Fenian〕A member of a secret revolutionary organization in the United States and Ireland in the mid-19th century, dedicated to the overthrow of British rule in Ireland.芬尼亚会会员：19世纪中期在美国和爱尔兰的一个以推翻英国在爱尔兰的统治为目标的秘密革命组织的成员〔nihilism〕Also Nihilism A diffuse, revolutionary movement of mid 19th-century Russia that scorned authority and tradition and believed in reason, materialism, and radical change in society and government through terrorism and assassination. 也作 Nihilism 无政府主义运动：发生在19世纪中期俄国的一次革命活动，藐视政权和传统观念，主张理性、物质主义以及通过恐怖手段和暗杀使及社会和政府发生激进性变化 |
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