| 单词 | 主义 |
| 释义 | 〔centrism〕The political philosophy of avoiding the extremes of right and left by taking a moderate position.中间路线主义：一种采取中间立场避免走向左右极端的政治哲学〔iconoclasm〕The beliefs, practices, or doctrine of an iconoclast.反对传统、毁坏偶像的思想、行为或主义〔Rastafarian〕Of or relating to Rastafarianism or its adherents.拉斯特法里主义的：拉斯特法里主义的，信仰此主义的，与之有关的〔Redon〕French artist and forerunner of surrealism whose works include eerie lithographs and floral paintings.雷东，奥迪伦：(1840-1916) 法国艺术家和超现主义先驱者，其作品包括怪诞的版画和描写花卉的油画〔positivism〕A doctrine contending that sense perceptions are the only admissible basis of human knowledge and precise thought.实证主义：认为感官的感知是人类知识及精确思维唯一可允许的基础的主义〔intrapreneur〕The wordentrepreneur is more than 150 years old, having come into English from French in 1828.But it is not until very recently that we find its intracorporate counterpart,intrapreneur, meaning "a person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation.”This coinage is generally attributed to management consultant Gifford Pinchot,author of the 1985 book entitledIntrapreneuring; others insist its true originator was Norman Macrae, deputy editor of theEconomist, although Macrae himself denies it.Still, whatever its exact source,in the scant number of years since its inception the termintrapreneur has gained currency very quickly. It has also given rise to various derivatives,such as the aforementioned gerundintrapreneuring, the noun intrapreneurship (as in a September 30, 1985, interview with Stephen Jobs inNewsweek : "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship—only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company"),the adjectiveintrapreneurial, and another noun, intrapreneurialism ("what has become known as intrapreneurialism, where people within the corporation acquire more adventurous small business outlooks,” by Ian Hamilton-Fazy in "An Uneasy Co-existence,”Financial Times, October 23, 1984). Broad use of a word and the development of numerous derivatives are strong signals predicting staying power within the language.Intrapreneur and its spinoffs are of particular interest to etymologists and lexicographers because they illustrate the constant changes inherent in a living language.entrepreneur 一词已有150多年的历史， 于1828年从法语传入英语。但是直到最近我们才发现其在公司内部的对应人物intrapreneur ， 意为“对通过果断地承担风险和革新使想法变为有利可图的成品这一过程承担直接责任的大公司里的高级成员”。这个新造的词普遍认为应归功于业务顾问吉福德·平肖，1985年出版的名为Intrapreneuring 一书的作者； 其他人坚持其真正的发明者是经济学家 杂志的副编辑诺曼·麦克里， 虽然麦克里本人否认这一点。然而，不管其准确的起源是什么，自它开始出现以来的短短几年中，intrapreneur 一词已很快流行开来。 它同样产生了多个衍生词，例如前面提到的动名词intrapreneuring ，名词 intrapreneurship （例如新闻周刊 于1985年9月30日斯蒂芬·乔布斯的采访中： “马金托什队通常地以出色的企业运作而闻名——仅仅是这个词条被发明的几年前——一群实质上是回到汽车房的人，而现在不过是大公司的汽车房罢了”），形容词intraprenurial 以及另一个名词 intrapreneurialim （以企业运作主义出名的地方，在那儿公司内部的职员获得更为冒险的商业前景”，伊恩·汉密尔顿一费茨的“不稳定的共存”，金融时报 1984年10月23日出版）。 一个词的广泛运用以及无数派生词的产生是预示语言内部持久力的强烈的信号。词源学家以及词典编纂者对intrpreneur 以及它的派生词产生了独特的兴趣， 因为它们说明现用语言所固有的持续不断的变化〔Rasta〕Rastafarianism.拉斯特法里主义〔line〕A manner or course of procedure determined by a specified factor:主义，路线：有特定因素决定的过程的方式或路线：〔Sparta〕A city-state of ancient Greece in the southeast Peloponnesus. Settled by Dorian Greeks, it was noted for its militarism and reached the height of its power in the sixth centuryb.c. A protracted rivalry with Athens led to the Peloponnesian Wars (460-404) and Sparta's hegemony over all of Greece. Its ascendancy was broken by Thebans in 371. 斯巴达：伯罗奔尼撒半岛东南部古希腊的一个城邦。该城邦由多利安希腊人建立，以其军事主义著名，于公元前 6世纪达到全盛。它与雅典的长期对抗导致了伯罗奔尼撒战争（公元前460-404年）和斯巴达对整个希腊的霸权。它的支配地位于371年被底比斯人摧毁 〔Gongorism〕A florid, ornate literary style, often employing elaborate puns and conceits.龚果拉主义：文字华美瑰丽的风格，通常借用精巧的双关和联想手法〔secular〕Relating to or advocating secularism.世俗主义的：与世俗主义有关或提倡该主义的〔imagism〕A literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century in reaction against Victorian sentimentalism that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images.意象主义：在20世纪早期由英美诗人发起的反对维多利亚式伤感主义的一场文学运动，主张使用自由体、普通的语言模式和清晰具体的影象〔heel〕under the heel of Stalinism; the heel of an autocrat.斯大林主义暴政之下；独裁者的专制统治〔dancerly〕"impressionistic doodles, symphonic splashes and dancerly flourishes"(Los Angeles Times)“印象派主义的乱画、交响乐的轰动和舞蹈的繁荣”(洛杉矶时报)〔populism〕A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite.人民党主义：一种政治哲学，在人民反对特权精英阶级的斗争上支持人民的权利与权力〔volunteerism〕Use of or reliance on volunteers, especially to perform social or educational work in communities.志愿者主义：用或依赖志愿人员，尤指在社会上做社会或教育工作〔Atlanticism〕A doctrine assuming the mutuality of western European and North American interests and advocating cooperative political and economic action, especially on defense issues.大西洋主义：欧洲西部国家和北美为相互间共同利益而合作的政策，提倡在政治和经济行为上的合作，尤指在防御措施上〔Venturi〕American architect who led the postmodern reaction to functionalism. His eclectic, sometimes humorous designs often incorporate historical references.文丘里，罗伯特·查尔斯：(生于 1925) 美国建筑学家，曾领导了对实用建筑主义的后现代主义反击。他的颇具幽默感及不拘一格的设计通常含有历史参照因素〔Sabellianism〕A version of Monarchianism holding that the Godhead was differentiated only into a succession of modes or operations and that the Father suffered as much as the Son.撒伯流主义：上帝一体论的一种说法，认为神格被区分成一连串的形态及显现方式且圣父与圣子同苦〔Marxist〕One that believes in or follows the ideas of Marx and Engels, especially a militant Communist.马克思主义者：马克思和恩格斯主义信仰者或追随者，尤指富于战斗精神的共产党员〔Noyes〕American religious leader who founded (1848) an experimental community at Oneida, New York, based on his belief in perfectionism and communal living.诺伊斯，约翰·汉弗雷：(1811-1886) 美国宗教领袖，根据其至善主义和公社生活的信念，在纽约鄂乃德建立(1848年）了一个试验性的社团〔Ransom〕American poet and critic. The founder and editor (1939-1959) of theKenyon Review, he was a leading proponent of New Criticism. His collections of poetry include Chills and Fevers (1924). 兰塞姆，约翰·克劳：(1888-1974) 美国诗人和评论家《凯尼恩评论》 的创始人和主编(1939-1959年）。他是新批评主义的领导人。他的诗集有 《冷与热》 等(1924年） 〔Tractarianism〕The religious opinions and principles of the founders of the Oxford movement, put forth in a series of 90 pamphlets entitledTracts for the Times, published at Oxford, England (1833-1841). 牛津运动主义：牛津运动发起人的宗教观点及原则，阐述于一系列九十本宣传小册子，被命名为时代书册 于1833-1841年在英格兰牛津出版 〔congregationalism〕A type of church government in which each local congregation is self-governing.教派自治主义：一种教区内各地方教堂均自治的教堂体制〔Indianism〕Devotion to traditional Native American culture or cultures.印第安文化主义：致力于传统美国原住民文化〔Arnauld〕French Jansenist theologian and Cartesian philosopher who co-authored thePort-Royale Logic with Pierre Nicole (1625-1695) in 1662. 阿诺，安托万：法国约翰逊主义神学家和笛卡尔派哲学家，1662年与皮尔尼古拉斯（1625-1695年）合着《皇家港逻辑》 〔naturalism〕The practice of reproducing subjects as precisely as possible in the visual arts.自然视觉主义：在视觉艺术中尽可能准确地复制物体的实践〔Aragon〕French writer who was a founder of literary surrealism.阿拉贡，路易斯：(1897-1982) 法国作家，是文学超现家主义的一个创建者〔ism〕A distinctive doctrine, system, or theory:主义：一种独特的教条，系统，或理论：〔Bolshevism〕The strategy developed by the Bolsheviks between 1903 and 1917 with a view to seizing state power and establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat.布尔什维克主义：布尔什维克在1903到1917年之间发展的一种战略，目标为夺取政权、建立无产阶级专政〔Athanasian〕A follower of Athanasius, especially in opposition to Arianism.信奉达修教义的人：达修的追随者，尤指反对阿里乌斯主义的人〔Shaw〕Irish-born British playwright. A founder of the Fabian Society, he wrote plays of iconoclastic social criticism, includingArms and the Man (1894), Pygmalion (1913), and Saint Joan (1923). He won the 1925 Nobel Prize for literature. 萧伯纳，乔治·伯纳德：(1856-1950) 爱尔兰裔英国戏剧家，作为费边社的一个创建者，他写了抨击社会的批评主义戏剧，包括《武器和人类》 （1894年）、 《茶花女》 （1913年）及 《圣女贞德》 （1923年），他获得1925年诺贝尔文学奖 〔Benton〕American artist whose paintings and murals, such asThe History of Missouri, were executed in a flat, realistic style known as regionalism and portrayed life in the Midwest and South. 本顿，托马斯·哈特：(1889-1975) 美国艺术家，其绘画和壁画，如《密苏里历史》 以被称为宗教主义的平板的、现实主义的风格，表现美国中西部和南部的生活 〔Gnostic〕Late Latin Gnōsticus [a Gnostic] 后期拉丁语 Gnōsticus [诺斯替主义信徒] 〔antinomian〕An adherent of antinomianism.反律法主义信徒〔voluntarism〕The use of or reliance on voluntary action to maintain an institution, carry out a policy, or achieve an end.自愿捐助主义：用或依赖自愿行动来支持一个组织、推行一个政策或达到一个目的〔Teutonism〕A German practice or idiom; a Germanism.日耳曼主义：日耳曼习惯或习语；日耳曼主义〔populist〕a populist aversion to business monopolies.人民党主义对商业垄断的反对〔beatnik〕A person who acts and dresses with pointed, often exaggerated disregard for what is generally thought proper and who is given to radical and extravagant social criticism or self-expression.比特尼克，披头族：一个行为和穿着奇装异服的，通常过分的，不在乎什么是世俗认为适当的人。这种人持激进的和偏激的社会批评主义态度或自我表现〔voluntaryism〕Reliance on voluntary contributions rather than government funds, as for churches or schools; voluntarism.自愿捐助主义：依赖志愿捐助而非政府基金，如为一个教堂或学校；自愿主义 |
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