| 单词 | 乌鸦 |
| 释义 | 〔corvine〕Of, resembling, or characteristic of crows.乌鸦的：似乌鸦的，具乌鸦特点的〔coracoid〕korax korak- [raven] korax korak- [乌鸦] 〔raven〕A large bird(Corvus corax) having black plumage and a croaking cry. 乌鸦：一种的大鸟，（渡鸦） 羽毛黑色，叫声嘶哑 〔quoth〕"Quoth the Raven, ‘Nevermore!’”(Edgar Allan Poe)“乌鸦说：‘永不再!’”(埃德加·艾伦·波)〔crake〕Middle English [crow] 中古英语 [乌鸦] 〔nutcracker〕Any of various birds of the genusNucifraga, especially N. caryocatactes of northern Eurasia and N. columbiana of western North America, that are related to the crow and feed chiefly on the seeds of pine cones. 星鸦：一种星鸦 属鸟，尤指生长在亚欧北部的 星鸦 和北美西部 加州星鸦 ，与乌鸦有亲缘关系，主要以松果种子食 〔Millet〕French painter whose works, such asThe Gleaners (1857) and Winter with Ravens (1862), portray peasant life and bucolic landscapes. He was a central figure of the Barbizon school. 米勒，简·弗朗索瓦：(1814-1875) 法国画家，其作品有《拾穗》 （1857年）和 《有乌鸦的冬天》 （1862年），描绘了农民的生活及田园风光。他是巴比松画派的主要代表人物 〔jackdaw〕A Eurasian crow(Corvus monedula). 寒鸦、鹩哥：欧亚的一种乌鸦（寒鸦 小乌鸦属） 〔Poe〕American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).坡，爱德加·阿伦：(1809-1849) 美国作家，以其阴森可怖的诗歌如《乌鸦》(1845年）和短篇小说包括《厄舍大宅的倒塌》(1839年）而闻名〔rook〕An Old World bird(Corvus frugilegus) that resembles the North American crow and nests in colonies near the tops of trees. 秃鼻乌鸦：一种与北美洲的乌鸦相似且群居在靠近树顶处的东半球鸟（秃鼻乌鸦） 〔caw〕The hoarse, raucous sound characteristic of a crow or similar bird.鸦叫声：乌鸦或类似鸟的沙哑、粗糙的声音〔quark〕"Three quarks for Muster Mark! / Sure he hasn't got much of a bark / And sure any he has it's all beside the mark.” This passage of James Joyce'sFinnegans Wake is part of a scurrilous 13-line poem directed against King Mark,the cuckolded husband in the Tristan legend.The poem and the accompanying prose are packed with names of birds and words suggestive of birds,and the poem is a squawk,like the cawing of a crow, against King Mark.Thus, Joyce uses the wordquark, which comes from the standard English verbquark, meaning "to caw, croak,” and also from the dialectal verb quawk, meaning"to caw, screech like a bird.” But Joyce'squark was not what it has become: "any of a group of hypothetical subatomic particles proposed as the fundamental units of matter.”Murray Gell-Mann, the physicist who proposed these particles, in a private letter of June 27, 1978, to the editor of theOxford English Dictionary, said that he had actually been influenced by Joyce's word in naming the particle,although the influence was subconscious at first.Gell-Mann was thinking of using the pronunciation (kwôrk) for the particle,possibly something he had picked up fromFinnegans Wake, which he "had perused from time to time since it appeared in 1939. . . . The allusion to three quarks seemed perfect" (originally there were only three subatomic quarks).Gell-Mann, however, wanted to pronounce the word with (ô) not (ä), as Joyce seemed to indicate by rhyming words in the vicinity such asMark. Gell-Mann got around that "by supposing that one ingredient of the line ‘Three quarks for Muster Mark’was a cry of ‘Three quarts for Mister . . . ’ heard in H.C. Earwicker's pub.”冲马克王呱叫三声! / 很显然一声狗吠对他还不够 / 很显然他所有的一切都和盛名无关。 这一段出自詹姆斯·乔伊斯的为芬尼根守灵 ， 是对马克王进行侮辱谩骂的一首十三行诗中的一部分。马克王是特里斯特拉姆传奇故事中被戴了绿帽子的丈夫。这首诗和随同的叙述中充斥着鸟类的名字和暗示鸟类的词。这首诗是对马克王的粗声抗诉，就象乌鸦的啼叫。所以乔伊斯用了quark 一词， 它来源于标准英语动词quark （意思为“呱呱地叫，乌鸦叫”）和方言中的动词 quawk （意思为“象鸟一样呱呱地叫、尖叫”）。 乔伊斯笔下的quark 一词并不是现在形成的意思： “任何一组假想的亚原子粒子，被认为是物质的基本单位”。这些粒子的提出者——物理学家默里·基尔曼在1978年6月27日写给牛津英语词典 编者的一封私人信件中说, 他给这种粒子命名时确实受到了乔伊斯这个词的影响，虽然这种影响起初只是潜意识的。基尔曼本想用(kwôrk)这个发音来代表这种粒子，可能也是从为芬尼根守灵 一书中汲取出来的。 自从1939年这书出版以来，他曾时常精读…关于三声呱叫的暗示看上去很完满（最初只有三种亚原子夸克）。但是基尔曼想让这个词发音为(o)而不是(a)——乔伊斯将韵押为与Mark 相近的音好象表明该发这个音。 基尔曼认为这行诗中的一部分“对马克王呱叫三声”，实际上是在酒店中听到的“给这位先生来三夸脱酒”叫喊声 |
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