| 单词 | 乐观 |
| 释义 | 〔sanguine〕Perhaps one has wondered what the connection betweensanguinary, "bloodthirsty,” and sanguine, "cheerfully optimistic,” could be. The connection can be found in medieval physiology with its notion of the four humors (blood, bile, phlegm, and black bile).These four body fluids were thought to determine a person's temperament,or distinguishing mental and physical characteristics.Thus, if blood was the predominant humor, one had a ruddy face and a disposition marked by courage, hope, and a readiness to fall in love.Such a temperament was calledsanguine, the Middle English ancestor of our wordsanguine. The sources of the Middle English word were Old Frenchsanguin and Latin sanguineus, the source of the French word. Both the Old French and Latin words meant "bloody,” "blood-colored,”Old Frenchsanguin having the sense "sanguine in temperament" as well. Latinsanguineus in turn was derived from sanguīs, "blood,” just as English sanguinary is. The English adjectivesanguine, first recorded in Middle English before 1350, went on to refer simply to the cheerfulness and optimism that accompanied a sanguine temperament,no longer having any direct reference to medieval physiology.也许有人对sanguinary （“嗜血的”）和 sanguine （“愉快乐观的”）两词之间的联系感到不解。 这种联系可以追溯到中世纪生理学中四种体液的概念（多血质型、胆汁型、黏液型和抑郁型）。这四种体液被认为可决定人的性格，或者能区分出精神和肉体上的特征。因此，如果血液是最主要的体液，一个人就应有红润的脸庞和以勇敢、充满希望、易于陷入情网为特征的性情。这种性情被称为sanguine ， 也就是我们sanguine 一词的中世纪英语的原形。 中世纪英语中该词源于古法语sanguin 一词和拉丁文 sanguineus （法语词的来源）。 在古法语和拉丁文中，该词意思都是“流血的”、“血色的”，古法语sanguin 还含有“生性乐天派的”之意。 拉丁文的sanguineus 也是由 sanguis （“血的”）而来，正如英语中的 sanguinary 一词。 英语形容词sanguine 最初记载于1350年以前的中古英语中， 演化为仅指伴随乐天派性情而具有的愉快和乐观之义，与中世纪生理学没有直接联系〔attack〕made an optimistic attack on the pile of paperwork.乐观地着手一大堆的案头工作〔toward〕an optimistic attitude toward the future.对未来的乐观态度〔beamish〕Smiling, as with happiness or optimism.满面春风的：微笑，如带着欢悦的或乐观的〔Pollyanna〕A person regarded as being foolishly or blindly optimistic.过分乐观者，盲目乐观者：被视为愚蠢地或盲目地乐观的人〔bullish〕Optimistic or confident:乐观的，自信的：〔neutralize〕"American life is a powerful solvent. It seems to neutralize every intellectual element . . . and to fuse it in the native good will, complacency, thoughtlessness, and optimism" (George Santayana).“美国人的生活是一种强大的不断对事物进行削弱的力量，它好象在抵销一切智力因素…使其同民族精神、自信心、无私奉献精神和乐观主义精神融合起来” （乔治·桑塔亚那）。〔best〕With an ultimately positive or preferable result.结果会是好的：最终有一个乐观的或让人满意的结果〔roseate〕Cheerful or bright; optimistic:欢快或光明的；乐观的：〔highroad〕The most positive, diplomatic, or optimistic course.最有希望的，最乐观的途径〔groundless〕groundless optimism.See Synonyms at baseless 毫无根据的乐观 参见 baseless〔oxymoron〕A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as ina deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法：一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默 和 悲伤的乐观 〔guarded〕We view these changes with guarded optimism.我们以审慎的乐观看待这些变化〔teacherly〕"The tone is teacherly, unflappable, optimistic"(Benjamin DeMott)“这种腔调是教师似的、镇定、乐观的”(本杰明·德莫特)〔Dixie〕To engage in unrealistically rosy fantasizing:想入非非：涉及不现实的乐观幻想：〔optimism〕"There is a touch of optimism in every worry about one's own moral cleanliness"(Victoria Ocampo)“在对自身道德纯净度的每次焦虑中，都存在一种乐观因素”(维多利亚·奥卡姆波)〔rosy〕Bright or cheerful; optimistic:光明或愉快的；乐观的：〔stardust〕To be uncritically or unrealistically optimistic.报有幻想：不加判别或不实际地乐观〔affirmative〕Positive; optimistic:积极的；乐观的：〔jolly〕Blithe implies buoyancy and freedom from care: Blithe 含有轻快乐观以及无忧无虑的意思： 〔upbeat〕an upbeat business forecast.一份乐观的商业预测〔keep〕To be stalwart, courageous, or optimistic in the face of difficulty.乐观，坚定：在困难面前坚定、勇敢或乐观〔appearance〕a cheerful person, to all appearances.就表面迹象而论，是一个乐观的人〔Palmer〕English-born American graphic artist whose numerous lithographs for Currier and Ives expressed a spirit of optimism and adventure along the Western frontier.帕尔默，弗朗西丝·福罗拉·邦德：(1812-1876) 英国裔美国书画刻印艺术家，他的为柯里尔和艾夫斯作的大量平版印刷品表达了西部拓荒者的乐观和冒险精神〔flexible〕an elastic spirit), or is stretched beyond strict or proper bounds ( 开朗乐观的人） 或者是被拉伸得超过了适当的界限或限制的（ 〔retire〕Despite the upbeat books written about retiringand the fact that it is a well-earned time of relaxation from the daily rigors of work,many people do not find it a particularly pleasant prospect.Perhaps the etymology ofretire may hint at why. The ultimate source of our word is the Old French wordretirer, made up of the prefixre-, meaning in this case "back,” and the verb tirer, "to draw,” together meaning "to take back or withdraw.” The first use of the English wordretire is recorded in 1533 in reference to a military force that withdraws.It is not until 1667 that we find the word used to mean "to withdraw from a position for more leisure.”In regard to the sting in all thiswe need to look at the source oftirer, "to draw, draw out, endure,”which ultimately may be from Old Frenchmartir, "a martyr,” probably reflecting the fact that martyrs had to endure the torture of being stretched up to and beyond the point of dislocating their bones.尽管有关于退休的乐观书籍，以及退休是从日常工作的严酷中解放出来的极好时光的事实，许多人并没有发现它特别令人愉悦的地方。也许retire 的语源学暗示了原因。 这个词最早的来源是古法语单词retirer ， 由在此意指“向后”的前缀re- 及意为“拉”的动词 tiver 合在一起组成，意为“撤回或退回”。 英语单词retire 的使用则最早记录于1553年， 指撤退的军队。直到1667年我们才发现该词用于表达“为得到更多的闲暇而退出职位。”考虑到所有这些词的负面含义，我们有必要看看tirer 的词源， 其意为“拉，拉出，容忍，”它可能最初源于意为“殉道者”的古法语martir ， 这可能反映了一个事实，即殉者不得不忍受四肢被拉直至骨肉脱离的酷刑〔bullish〕bullish on the prospects of reaching a negotiated settlement.对于达到协议妥协持乐观态度〔optimism〕A tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation:乐观主义，乐观：期待一切都朝着好的方向发展或总是考虑事情最有利的方面的一种倾向：〔sanguine〕Cheerfully confident; optimistic.愉快自信的；乐观的 |
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