| 单词 | 乐观主义 |
| 释义 | 〔pessimism〕French pessimisme on the model of French optimisme [optimism] 法语 pessimisme 仿照 法语 optimisme [乐观主义] 〔incurable〕an incurable optimist; an incurable smoker.坚定不移的乐观主义者；不可救药的烟民〔impregnate〕impregnate a speech with optimism.See Synonyms at charge 使讲演充满乐观主义 参见 charge〔undauntable〕undauntable heroism; undauntable optimism.不屈不挠的英雄主义；不容退缩的乐观主义〔optimist〕A believer in philosophical optimism.在哲学上信奉乐观主义的人〔congenital〕"the congenital American optimism that denies conflicts and imagines all stories having happy endings"(Robert J. Samuelson)“天生的美国式的乐观主义拒绝冲突或认为所有事情都有好结局”(罗伯特J.塞缪尔森)〔fair〕The history of the wordfair illustrates how words can weaken in meaning over time. In Old English the ancestor offair, fæger, had senses such as "lovely, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable,” a far cry from our modern sense "mildly good or satisfying.”The Old English senses passed into Middle English,where the wordfair started to take a slight turn in the direction already alluded to. Fair could mean "highly to be approved of, splendid, good,”but it could also be used ironically,as in Chaucer's observation after a horse threw the Cook on the pilgrimage to Canterbury:"that was a fair feat of horsemanship by the Cook.”This ironic use was probably not responsible for the semantic weakening offair, but it shows how a positive word can have its meaning reversed.The weakening offair was most likely caused by "the determined optimism which led to the use of fair . . . rather than direct expression of discontent,”in the words of George H. McKnight.One might add as another cause the desire to avoid hurting other people's feelings.单词fair 的历史表明随岁月的流逝单词的语意变弱。 在古英语中fair，f?ger 本意是“可爱的，漂亮的，愉快的”， 与我们现在的“比较好或满意的”大相径庭。古英语传到中世纪英语时，fair 已开始在引申的方向上有微小的转变。 Fair 可以表达“被高度赞许的，辉煌的，好的，”但也可用作反语，如在往坎特伯雷朝圣的途中马将科克摔下时后，乔尔斯评论道：“那是科克精湛骑术的体现”。这种反语用法也许对fair 语义学上的弱化没有联系， 但它表明了一个褒义的单词可以变得意思完全相反。fair 的弱化很大程度上缘于“坚决的乐观主义导致 fair 的用法改变， 而不是直接表达不满意的意思，”乔治赫·马克奈特如此评论。人们可以再添上其它原因以免伤害别人的感情〔charge〕optimism that permeates a group;充盈于组员心中的乐观主义；〔Panglossian〕After Pangloss , an optimist in Candide , a satire by Voltaire 源自 Pangloss ，讽刺诗 老实人 中的乐观主义者，由伏尔泰著 〔optimism〕A tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation:乐观主义，乐观：期待一切都朝着好的方向发展或总是考虑事情最有利的方面的一种倾向： |
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