| 单词 | 乔尔 |
| 释义 | 〔Spingarn〕American poet and critic. He was a founder (1909) and president (1930-1939) of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.斯平加恩，乔尔·埃利亚：(1875-1939) 美国诗人及批评家，他是“全国有色人种进步协会”的创始人（创建于1909年）并曾任主席(1930-1939年）〔fair〕The history of the wordfair illustrates how words can weaken in meaning over time. In Old English the ancestor offair, fæger, had senses such as "lovely, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable,” a far cry from our modern sense "mildly good or satisfying.”The Old English senses passed into Middle English,where the wordfair started to take a slight turn in the direction already alluded to. Fair could mean "highly to be approved of, splendid, good,”but it could also be used ironically,as in Chaucer's observation after a horse threw the Cook on the pilgrimage to Canterbury:"that was a fair feat of horsemanship by the Cook.”This ironic use was probably not responsible for the semantic weakening offair, but it shows how a positive word can have its meaning reversed.The weakening offair was most likely caused by "the determined optimism which led to the use of fair . . . rather than direct expression of discontent,”in the words of George H. McKnight.One might add as another cause the desire to avoid hurting other people's feelings.单词fair 的历史表明随岁月的流逝单词的语意变弱。 在古英语中fair，f?ger 本意是“可爱的，漂亮的，愉快的”， 与我们现在的“比较好或满意的”大相径庭。古英语传到中世纪英语时，fair 已开始在引申的方向上有微小的转变。 Fair 可以表达“被高度赞许的，辉煌的，好的，”但也可用作反语，如在往坎特伯雷朝圣的途中马将科克摔下时后，乔尔斯评论道：“那是科克精湛骑术的体现”。这种反语用法也许对fair 语义学上的弱化没有联系， 但它表明了一个褒义的单词可以变得意思完全相反。fair 的弱化很大程度上缘于“坚决的乐观主义导致 fair 的用法改变， 而不是直接表达不满意的意思，”乔治赫·马克奈特如此评论。人们可以再添上其它原因以免伤害别人的感情〔Barlow〕American poet and diplomat in Algiers (1795-1797). Among his noted poetic works are "The Hasty Pudding" (1796) and the epicColumbiad (1807). 巴洛，乔尔：(1754-1812) 美国诗人和住阿尔及尔外交官（1795-1797年），其著名的诗有“玉米粉糊”（1796年）和史诗《哥伦比亚德》 （1807年） 〔hype〕“[He] says that there isn't any energy crisis at all, that it's all a hype, to maintain outrageous profits for the oil companies" (Joel Oppenheimer)“[他] 讲道，根本没有能源危机，那全是石油公司为赚得暴利而骗人的话” (乔尔·奥本海默)〔Harris〕American writer and journalist who wroteUncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings (1880) and its many sequels. 哈里斯，乔尔·钱德勒：(1848-1908) 美国作家和记者，著有《雷默斯大叔的歌和话》 （1880年）和它的许多续集 〔Poinsett〕American diplomat who served as minister to Mexico (1825-1829) and U.S. secretary of war (1837-1841).波因塞特，乔尔·罗伯茨：(1779-1851) 美国外交家，曾任驻墨西哥公使(1825-1829年）和美国国防部长(1837-1841年）〔gig〕"gigging weekends as a piano player in the ski joints"(Joel Oppenheimer)“在滑雪场所象钢琴演奏家一样度过周末”(乔尔·奥本海默) |
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