| 单词 | 乔治 |
| 释义 | 〔Moore〕British philosopher whose theories, presented inPrincipia Ethica (1903) and other works, influenced 20th-century epistemology and linguistic analysis. 穆尔，乔治·爱德华：(1873-1958) 英国哲学家，其理论在《伦理学基本原则》 （1903年）及其它一些著作中得以阐释，对20世纪的认识论和语言分析产生过影响 〔Cukor〕American filmmaker whose works includeLittle Women (1933), The Philadelphia Story (1940), and My Fair Lady (1964), for which he won an Academy Award. 库克尔，乔治：(1899-1983) 美国电影摄制者，他的作品包括有《小女人》 （1933年） 《费城故事》 （1940年），以及他因此而获得一项奥斯卡奖的 《窈窕淑女》 （1964年） 〔amendment〕"Society may sometimes show signs of repentance and amendment"(George G. Coulton)“社会有时可能会显示出一些悔过和改进的迹象”(乔治G.库尔顿)〔Crabbe〕British poet noted for his simple, realistic poems of middle-class life, includingThe Village (1783). 克雷布，乔治：(1754-1832) 英国诗人，以朴素手法描写中产阶级生活的现实主义诗而闻名，作品包括《村庄》 （1783年） 〔preternatural〕"Below his preternatural affability there is some acid and steel"(George F. Will)“在他异常和蔼可亲的表情之下，有着尖刻和钢铁般的坚毅”(乔治F.威尔)〔Wither〕English poet whose works includeThe Shepherd's Hunting (1615) and Britain's Remembrancer (1628). 威瑟，乔治：(1588-1667) 英国诗人，其作品包括《牧人狩猎》 （1615年）和 《不列颠的提醒者》 （1628年） 〔refuse〕"The commander . . . refused to discuss questions of right" (George Bancroft). “司令官拒绝讨论关于权力的问题” （乔治·班克罗夫特）。 〔Wald〕American biologist. He shared a 1967 Nobel Prize for research on the human eye.沃尔德，乔治：(生于 1906) 美国生物学家。因其对人眼的研究而和他人共获1967年诺贝尔医学奖〔Bissell〕American oilman who founded the first petroleum company in the United States (1854).比塞尔，乔治·亨利：(1821-1884) 美国石油大王，组建美国第一家石油公司（1854年）〔strip〕"That all men . . . have certain inherent rights, of which . . . they cannot by any compact . . . divest their posterity" (George Mason).Todenude is to remove a usual or natural covering: “所有的人…有一定的继承权，对于这一继承权…无论怎样…他们不能从他们的后代身上夺走” （乔治·麦逊）。Denude 指去掉通常或自然的外表： 〔Hancock〕American Civil War general who defeated Robert E. Lee and George Pickett in the Gettysburg Campaign (1863).汉考克，温菲尔德·斯科特：(1824-1886) 美国南北战争时期的将军，1863年在葛底斯堡战役中打败了罗伯特·E·李和乔治·皮克特〔Chapman〕English writer, dramatist, and translator noted for his translations of Homer'sIliad (1598-1611) and Odyssey (1616). 查普曼，乔治：(1559?-1634) 英国作家、戏剧家和翻译家，以其翻译的荷马史诗《伊利亚特》 （1598-1611年）和 《奥德赛》 （1616年）而闻名 〔Boole〕British mathematician and logician who developed a calculus of symbolic logic.布尔，乔治：(1815-1864) 英国数学家和逻辑学家，建立了一种符号逻辑的演算法〔Curtis〕American journalist and reformer who was the political editor ofHarper's Weekly (1863-1892) and was active in the movement for civil service reform. 柯蒂斯，乔治·威廉：(1824-1892) 美国新闻从业人员和改革家，他曾是《哈帕周刊》 的政治编辑（1863-1892年），并积极参予文官制度改革运动 〔Alexandria〕An independent city of northern Virginia on the Potomac River opposite Washington, D.C. Primarily a residential suburb of the capital, the city has many historic buildings, including Gadsby's Tavern, built in 1752. George Washington helped lay out the streets in 1749. Population, 111,183.亚历山大：美国弗吉尼亚州北部的独立市，隔波托马克河与华盛顿特区相望。基本上是首都的一个郊外居住区，市内有许多具有历史意义的建筑，包括建于1752年的加兹比旅馆。1749年乔治·华盛顿曾帮助设计该市的街道布局。人口111,183〔destroy〕"In crowded populations, poverty destroys the possibility of cleanliness"(George Bernard Shaw)“在人口拥挤的地方，贫困使清洁毫无可能”(乔治·萧伯纳)〔Eliot〕British writer whose novels, all in the 19th-century realist tradition, includeAdam Bede (1859), Silas Marner (1861), and her masterpiece, Middlemarch (1871-1872). 埃利奥特，乔治：(1819-1880) 英国作家，其小说大都描述19世纪现实主义传统，作品有《亚当·比德》 （1859年） 《织工马南》 （1861年）和她的杰作 《米德尔马齐》 （1871-1872年） 〔Sisler〕American baseball player. In 15 seasons, mainly with the St. Louis Browns (1915-1927), he batted over .300 13 times and over .400 twice. In 1920 he set a major league record for hits in a single season at 257.希斯勒，乔治·哈洛特-加龙省-加龙生：美国棒球运动员。在15个赛季中，主要是在圣路易斯棕人队（1915年-1927年），他单季打击率超过.300共13次，超过.400两次。1920年，他创造了美国棒球名人堂在单季中257个安打的记录〔Canning〕British politician who served as foreign secretary (1807-1809 and 1822-1827) and prime minister (1827).坎宁，乔治：(1770-1827) 英国政治家，曾担任外交大臣（1807-1809和1822-1827年）和首相（1827年）〔fair〕The history of the wordfair illustrates how words can weaken in meaning over time. In Old English the ancestor offair, fæger, had senses such as "lovely, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable,” a far cry from our modern sense "mildly good or satisfying.”The Old English senses passed into Middle English,where the wordfair started to take a slight turn in the direction already alluded to. Fair could mean "highly to be approved of, splendid, good,”but it could also be used ironically,as in Chaucer's observation after a horse threw the Cook on the pilgrimage to Canterbury:"that was a fair feat of horsemanship by the Cook.”This ironic use was probably not responsible for the semantic weakening offair, but it shows how a positive word can have its meaning reversed.The weakening offair was most likely caused by "the determined optimism which led to the use of fair . . . rather than direct expression of discontent,”in the words of George H. McKnight.One might add as another cause the desire to avoid hurting other people's feelings.单词fair 的历史表明随岁月的流逝单词的语意变弱。 在古英语中fair，f?ger 本意是“可爱的，漂亮的，愉快的”， 与我们现在的“比较好或满意的”大相径庭。古英语传到中世纪英语时，fair 已开始在引申的方向上有微小的转变。 Fair 可以表达“被高度赞许的，辉煌的，好的，”但也可用作反语，如在往坎特伯雷朝圣的途中马将科克摔下时后，乔尔斯评论道：“那是科克精湛骑术的体现”。这种反语用法也许对fair 语义学上的弱化没有联系， 但它表明了一个褒义的单词可以变得意思完全相反。fair 的弱化很大程度上缘于“坚决的乐观主义导致 fair 的用法改变， 而不是直接表达不满意的意思，”乔治赫·马克奈特如此评论。人们可以再添上其它原因以免伤害别人的感情〔Comstockery〕Bowdlerism, named after Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825),has been around longer than Comstockery, named for Anthony Comstock (1844-1915). All Bowdler did to enter the world of common nouns was to expurgate Shakespeare, the Bible, and Gibbon'sHistory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. On the other hand, Comstock, the organizer and secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice,helped destroy 160 tons of literature and pictures that he deemed immoral.Comstockery, the word honoring his achievements, is first recorded in 1905 in a letter by George Bernard Shaw to the New York Times: “Comstockery is the world's standing Joke at the expense of the United States. . . . It confirms the deep-seated conviction of the Old World that America is a provincial place, a second rate country-town civilization after all.” 以汤姆斯·鲍德勒博士(1754-1825年）的名字命名的鲍德勒主义，存在时间要比以安东尼·康斯托克(1844-1915年）命名的康斯托克主义长一些。鲍德勒所做的只是删节莎士比亚作品、《圣经 》和吉伯恩的罗马帝国的衰落与灭亡 就使其名字成为一个通用名词了。 而另一方面，作为纽约反暴力社会党的组织者和秘书长，康斯托克协助销毁了160吨他认为不道德的作品与图片。Comstockery ，这一为了表彰他的成绩的词最初是出现于1905年乔治·伯那德·修在写给 纽约时报 的信中： “Comstockery 一词是世界对美国的嘲笑…它证实了在东半球中根深蒂固的观念，那就是美国是个粗鄙的地方，充其量只能算是一个二流的乡村文明” 〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔origin〕"Lack of money is the root of all evil" (George Bernard Shaw). “缺钱是所有罪恶的根源” （乔治·萧伯纳）。 〔Orwell〕British writer whose imaginative fiction attacks totalitarianism and reflects his concern with social justice. His works includeAnimal Farm (1945) and 1984 (1949). 奥威尔，乔治：(1903-1950) 英国作家，其极富想象力的小说猛烈攻击极权主义并并映对社会平等的关注。作品包括《兽园》 （1945年） 《一九八四》 （1949年） 〔spencer〕After George John Spencer , Second Earl Spencer (1758-1834) 源自乔治·约翰 斯宾塞 ，斯宾塞二等伯爵(1758-1834年） 〔Grenville〕British political leader who as prime minister (1763-1765) instigated the Stamp Act (1765), which provoked rebellious activities in the American colonies.格伦维尔，乔治：(1712-1770) 英国政治家，在他任首相（1763-1765年）时，他唆使通过印花税法案（1765年）激起了北美殖民地的反抗斗争〔rely〕"He reckons on finding a woman as big a fool as himself" (George Meredith).“他期望发现一个和他一样傻的女人” （乔治·梅雷蒂斯）〔Gullah〕The creolized language of the Gullahs, based on English but including vocabulary elements and grammatical features from several African languages and spoken in isolated communities from Georgetown in eastern South Carolina to northern Florida.格勒语：格勒人所说的一种克里奥尔方言，以英语为基础，但包括几种非洲语言的词汇及语法特征，在从美国南卡罗来纳州东部的乔治镇到佛罗里达州北部的被隔离的群体中使用〔durance〕"There should be a durance vile for justices who use an argument as weak as the one the majority used"(George F. Will)“如果法官的辩论象大多数人那样软弱无力，他就该受监禁的惩罚”(乔治F.威尔)〔Newburgh〕A city of southeast New York on the Hudson River south-southwest of Poughkeepsie. Founded c. 1709, it was George Washington's headquarters from April 1782 until August 1783. Population, 26,454.纽堡：美国纽约州东南部城市，位于波基普西西南偏南的哈德逊河西岸。1709年建立，1782年4月到1783年8月是乔治·华盛顿的司令部。人口26,454〔Germantown〕A residential section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Settled in 1683, it was the site of a Revolutionary War battle (October 4, 1777) in which George Washington's troops unsuccessfully attacked the British encampment. The original township was annexed by Philadelphia in 1854.日尔曼敦：美国宾夕法尼亚州费拉德尔菲亚的住宅区。建立于1683年，是北美独立战争一次战斗的遗址（1777年10月4日），在那里乔治·华盛顿的军队没能成功突袭英军营地。1854年其原有镇区被宾夕法尼亚合并〔possible〕"As soon as it was practicable, he would wind up his business" (George Eliot).“一旦可行，他也将结束他的生意” （乔治·艾略特）。〔eat〕"Covering news in the field eats money"(George F. Will)“隐藏这一行业的消息会亏钱”(乔治F.威尔)〔beautiful〕"They were lovely, your eyes, but you didn't know where to look" (George Seferis). “你的一双眼睛是可爱的，但你不知道朝哪里看” （乔治·塞菲里斯）。 〔hubris〕"There is no safety in unlimited technological hubris"(McGeorge Bundy)“在技术方面自以为是会很危险”(麦乔治·邦迪)〔Grosz〕German-born American artist. Associated with the Berlin Dada movement, he is best known for his biting antimilitaristic caricatures of the 1920's.格罗希，乔治：(1893-1959) 德裔美国画家。他与柏林达达主义运动有密切联系，并以其19世纪20年代辛辣讽刺军国主义的漫画而闻名〔Snell〕American geneticist. He shared a 1980 Nobel Prize for discoveries concerning the relationship of cell structure to organ transplants and diseases.斯涅耳，乔治：(生于 1903) 美国遗传学家。因发现细胞结构与器官移植和疾病的关系而获1980年诺贝尔奖〔Peabody〕American merchant and philanthropist. He established numerous museums and libraries, including the Peabody Institute of Baltimore and the Peabody Museum at Harvard University.皮博迪，乔治：(1795-1869) 美国商人和慈善家，他建立了许多博物馆和图书馆，包括巴尔的摩的皮博迪学院和哈佛大学皮博迪博物馆〔Harrison〕British singer and songwriter who was formerly lead guitarist with the Beatles. His best-known compositions include "Here Comes the Sun" and "My Sweet Lord.”哈里森，乔治：(生于 1943) 英国歌星和词曲作家，是前甲壳虫乐队的主音吉它手，最著名的作品包括“太阳从这里升起”和“我亲爱的上帝”〔Bitzer〕American cinematographer best known for his camera work in the films of D.W. Griffith, most notablyThe Birth of a Nation (1915). 比采尔，乔治·威廉：美国电影摄影师，以其同D.W.格里菲思合作的影片闻名，最为著名的是《国家的诞生》 （1915年） |
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