| 单词 | 习惯性 |
| 释义 | 〔bruxism〕The habitual, involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth, usually during sleep, as from anger, tension, fear, or frustration.磨牙：因愤怒、紧张、恐惧或失望，而通常在睡梦中的习惯性且无意识地磨牙或咬牙〔neglect〕Habitual lack of care.疏忽，轻忽：习惯性的缺乏关心〔schlemiel〕A habitual bungler; a dolt.笨手笨脚的：习惯性工作拙劣的人；愚笨的人〔habit〕Customary manner or practice:习性：习惯性的举止或做法：〔indolence〕Habitual laziness; sloth.懒散：习惯性的懒惰；散漫〔rambling〕Often or habitually roaming; wandering.闲逛的：经常或习惯性地散步的；闲逛的〔rule〕A usual, customary, or generalized course of action or behavior:常规，惯例：某种行为或运动的通常的、习惯性的或大众化了的过程：〔stead〕The place, position, or function properly or customarily occupied by another.替代：通常成习惯性地被别人占据的地方、位置或别人所起的作用〔addict〕To devote or give (oneself) habitually or compulsively:使沉溺，热衷于：习惯性或强制性地专心于或给（自己）：〔conformist〕A person who uncritically or habitually conforms to the customs, rules, or styles of a group.墨守陈规者：毫无抗议的或习惯性的遵循习俗、规则或某组织规范的人〔drunken〕Habitually drunk.酗酒的：习惯性喝醉的〔regular〕Customary, usual, or normal:平常的，惯例的：习惯性的、通常的或正常的：〔absenteeism〕Habitual failure to appear, especially for work or other regular duty.旷工，旷课：习惯性的不去工作或做其他的经常性任务〔practice〕To do or perform something habitually or repeatedly.习于：习惯性地或反复地做或执行〔stoop〕To walk or stand, especially habitually, with the head and upper back bent forward.往前倾：走路或站立时头与上背部向前弯曲，尤指习惯性地弯曲〔observance〕The act or custom of keeping or celebrating a holiday or other ritual occasion.施行习惯性礼拜：保持或庆贺节日和其它礼仪仪式的行为或习俗〔usage〕A usual, habitual, or accepted practice.See Synonyms at habit 习惯，习佐，习用：通常性的，习惯性的或约定俗成的做法 参见 habit〔culminate〕habitual antagonism that culminated in open hostility.在公开敌对中达到高潮的习惯性对抗〔tope〕To drink (liquor) habitually and excessively or engage in such drinking.狂饮，纵饮：习惯性地过度饮（酒）或陷入这种状况〔sloven〕One who is habitually careless in personal appearance or work.不修边幅者，轻率马虎者：习惯性地在个人外表或工作方面粗心的人〔indite〕Latin dictāre [to compose, to say habitually] [frequentative of] dīcere [to say] * see deik- 拉丁语 dictāre [作曲，习惯性地说] dīcere的重复动词 [说] * 参见 deik- 〔indolent〕Disinclined to exert oneself; habitually lazy.See Synonyms at lazy 懒散的：不愿劳累自己的；习惯性懒惰的 参见 lazy〔sad〕 Melancholy can refer to a lingering or habitual state of mind marked by somberness or sadness: Melancholy 可指一种长久的或习惯性的沮丧和悲伤的心境： 〔hectic〕In the Usage Panel survey done for the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary (1969), 92 percent of the Panel approved of the use ofhectic in its most familiar sense, "characterized by feverish activity, confusion, or haste.”The question was put to the Panelbecause in earlier usage that sense was sometimes deprecated as a loose extension of the term's meaning in medicine.Unless one has some medical knowledgeone probably does not know the older medical uses of the term,for example, "relating to an undulating fever, such as those accompanying tuberculosis,”and unless one has some acquaintance with Middle Englishone would not recognize the first recorded instance of the word,etik, in a text written before 1398. The Middle English term comes from the Old French development of the Late Latin wordhecticus, whose form helped reshape our word in the 16th century.Late Latinhecticus in turn comes from Greek hektikos, "formed by habit or forming habit" and "consumptive,” developing the last sense because of the chronic nature of tuberculous fevers.Thus a word that once simply meant "habitual"eventually had an English descendant used to refer to circumstances that would be undesirable if they were habitual.在针对美国经典辞书 （1969年）第一版对用法专题使用小组的调查中， 92%的成员赞成hectic 一词最常用的意思， “以紧张的活动、忙乱或慌忙为特征的”。之所以要向这些成员提这个问题，是因为作为该词医学含义的模糊延伸，这个意义有时不为人们所接受。除非某人有医学方面的知识，否则他就很可能不知道这个词在医学方面的古老用法，比如“和起伏不定的热病有关的，如肺结核的伴随症”。另外，除非某人对中古英语有一度程度的了解，否则他也认不出1398年以前的一个文本中该词的首例etik 。 这个中古英语单词是由古法语经后期拉丁语hecticus 一词的发展而来的， 其形式在16世纪帮助重新形成了这个单词。而后期拉丁语中的这个词hecticus 又是由希腊语中的 hektikos 一词而来，这个词在希腊语中意指“由习惯形成的或形成习惯的”及“患肺痨的，肺痨的”， 之所以得到最后的意思，是出于肺痨病的特性。这样一来，原来只是表示“习惯性的”这个词，传到英语中最后竟变成了指一旦成为习惯则不被人所喜爱的情形〔practice〕A habitual or customary action or way of doing something:习惯：习惯性或惯例性的行为或办事方式：〔practice〕To do or perform habitually or customarily; make a habit of:习惯于：习惯性地做或按惯例做或执行；使…成为习惯：〔skipjack〕Any of various fishes, such as the bluefish, that habitually leap out of the water.飞鱼：一种习惯性跃出水面的鱼，例如北大西洋沿岸的蓝色食用鱼〔drink〕Excessive or habitual indulgence in alcoholic liquor.酗酒：过度或习惯性地大量饮用酒精饮料〔alcoholism〕A chronic, progressive pathological condition, mainly affecting the nervous and digestive systems, caused by the excessive and habitual consumption of alcohol.酒精中毒：由过量及习惯性饮酒而造成的一种慢性渐进的病理状况，主要影响神经及消化系统〔practice〕A habitual or customary action or act. Often used in the plural:惯常的举动：习惯性的或惯例性的行为或行动。常用复数形式：〔cramp〕A temporary partial paralysis of habitually or excessively used muscles.抽筋：肌肉习惯性或过分活动引起的局部暂时性麻痹〔tipple〕To drink (alcoholic liquor) or engage in such drinking, especially habitually or to excess.酗酒：饮用（酒精饮料）或参与这种饮酒活动，尤指习惯性地或过度地〔alcoholic〕A person who drinks alcoholic substances habitually and to excess or who suffers from alcoholism.酗酒者：习惯性和过量饮用含有酒精物质的人或者由于酗酒或酒精中毒而遭受痛苦的人〔industry〕A clear indication of the way in which human effort has been harnessed as a force for the commercial production of goods and services is the change in meaning of the wordindustry. Coming from the Latin wordindustria, meaning "diligent activity directed to some purpose,”and its descendant, Old Frenchindustrie, with the senses "activity,” "ability,” and "a trade or occupation,”our word (first recorded in 1475) originally meant "skill,” "a device,” and "diligence" as well as "a trade.”As more and more human effort over the course of the Industrial Revolution became involved in producing goods and services for sale,the last sense ofindustry as well as the slightly newer sense "systematic work or habitual employment" grew in importance, to a large extent taking over the word.We can even speak now of the Shakespeare industry,rather like the garment industry.The sense "diligence, assiduity,” lives on, however,perhaps even to survive industry itself.industry 有一个明显的含义，即指将人力组织转化成进行货物商业性生产和进行商业性服务的方法，而在有此含义前，这个词经历了多次变化。 这个词来源于拉丁文industria ， 意思是“为某种目的而进行的勤奋的活动”；后来这个拉丁字发展成古法语单词industrie ， 其意思是“活动性”、“能力”和“一种行业和职业”。英文单词（最早的记载是1475年）原意是“技巧”、“方法”、“勤奋”，也有“一种行业”之意。随着产业革命的开展，越来越多的人力被用于进行货物生产和商业服务，industry 最新的含义及其较新的意思“有组织的劳动或习惯性的雇佣”变得重要起来， 并逐渐成为这个词最主要的意思。现在，我们甚至在提到莎士比亚研究时，就象提及成衣制造业。不过，“勤劳、勤奋”这层含义仍在使用，也许只要这个单词存在，这层含义就不会消失〔habit〕 Use andwont are terms for the customary and distinctive practice of an individual or a group: Use 和wont 是描述个人或群体习惯性的独特行为的用语： 〔negativism〕A habitual attitude of skepticism or resistance to the suggestions, orders, or instructions of others.否定态度，怀疑主义：对别人的建议，命令或指导持习惯性的怀疑态度或反对意见〔method〕"Of generalship, of strategic system . . . there was little or none" (John Morley).Aroutine is a habitual, often tiresome method: “提到领导能力，策略方法…少得可怜甚至压根儿没有” （约翰·毛利） 。Routine 是一个习惯性的，经常是让人厌倦的方法： 〔custom〕A habitual practice of a person:习惯：某人的习惯性做法：〔negligent〕Characterized by or inclined to neglect, especially habitually.疏忽的：以疏忽为特点或倾向于疏忽的，尤其是习惯性的〔will〕Used to indicate customary or habitual action:经常，惯于，总是：用于表示经常性或习惯性的动作： |
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