| 单词 | 书面 |
| 释义 | 〔pronunciation〕A graphic representation of the way a word is spoken, using phonetic symbols.发音法：说明一个词该怎样读出的书面表达方法，常用音标表示〔treat〕To deal with in writing or speech; discuss:探讨：书面或口头上的论述；讨论：〔guarantee〕A promise or an assurance, especially one given in writing, that attests to the quality or durability of a product or service.担保：一种字据或保证，通常为书面的，以保证某种产品或服务的质量或耐用性〔read〕To have the ability to examine and grasp the meaning of (written or printed material in a given language or notation):懂得，了解：具有检查并掌握（特定语言或标记的书面或印刷材料的）能力：〔judgment〕A writ in witness of such an act.（确定债务的）判决书：作为这种法庭判决之证据的书面令状〔plus〕 (compareTwo cows plus two cows makes four cows ). This situation suggests thatplus in these uses should be regarded as a particular kind of conjunction, which joins two elements that are taken together as a single entity,the way the conjunctionand does in a sentence such as Peas and carrots is Sophie's favorite combination. · The usage ofplus in he construction industry has been hurt by the rise in rates. Plus which, bad weather has affected housing starts is not well established in formal writing, nor is the use ofplus introducing an independent clause, as inShe has a great deal of talent, plus she is willing to work hard. （试比较Two cows plus two cows makes four cows )。 这种情况暗示我们plus 在这些用法中应作为特殊的连词来看待， 这种连词联结被视为一整体的两个成分，就象连词and 在 Peas and carrots is Sophie's favorite combination 这样的句子中一样。 Plus 在 建筑业受到了利率提高的损害。 此外，糟糕的天气也影响了房屋的兴建一句中的用法在正式的书面写作中是未被广泛接受的， plus 引导一个独立句的用法亦是如此， 如在她极有天赋，加上她又愿意努力工作。 〔newsletter〕A printed report giving news or information of interest to a special group.业务通讯：给特殊团体提供新闻或有利信息的书面报导〔assumpsit〕An agreement or promise made orally or in writing not under seal; a contract.协定：口头或书面未经盖印的协议或许诺；协定〔treat〕To deal with a subject or topic in writing or speech. Often used withof : 论述：书面或口头上讨论的一个主题或论题。常与of 连用： 〔participle〕The "dangling participle" is quite common in speech,where it often passes unremarked;but its use in writing can lead to unintentional absurdities,as in He went to watch his horse take a turn around the track carrying a copy of the breeders' guide under his arm. Even when the construction occasions no ambiguity,it is likely to distract the reader,who will ordinarily be operating on the assumption that a participle or other modifying phrase will be associated with the noun phrase that is immediately adjacent to it.Thus the sentenceTurning the corner, the view was quite different would be better rewritten as The view was quite different when we turned the corner or Turning the corner, we saw a different view. · A number of expressions originally derived from active participles are now well established as prepositions of a kind,and these may be used freely to introduce phrases that are not associated with the immediately adjacent noun phrase.Such expressions includeconcerning, considering, failing, granting, judging by, and speaking of. Thus one may writeSpeaking of politics, the elections have been postponed or Considering the hour, it is surprising that he arrived at all. “不连结分词”在口语中十分常见，只是常常被忽略；但它在书面中却会无意地导致语义模糊，如：他胳膊下夹着一本饲养员指南书去看他的马转过跑道的拐弯处。 即使这种结构不会产生语义不清，它也很可能迷惑读者，他们通常会假定分词或其它的修饰性短语会跟其紧接的名词性短语相联系。这样，最好把句子转弯后，景色大为不同 写成 我们一转弯就发现景色大为不同 或 转弯后我们看到景色大为不同。 · 一些最初由主动分词派生出来的表达方式现在已经作为某类介词而被固定下来，这些表达方式可以用来引入一些与紧接的名词短语没有联系的短语，这些表达方式包括concerning，considering，failing，granting，judging by 和 speaking of。 由此我们就可以这样写考虑到政治因素，将选举延期了 或 就时间来说，他在任何情况下到来都令人惊讶 〔passage〕A segment of a written work or speech:一段，一节：书面作品或演讲的一部分：〔padding〕Extraneous material added to written work, such as a speech, to make it longer.冗词赘句：加在书面作品上的一些额外的材料，如一篇讲话，为使之更长一些〔photojournalism〕Journalism in which a news story is presented primarily through photographs with supplementary written copy.摄影新闻（工作），摄影图片报道：主要通过照片和附加书面注释来报导新闻的报刊杂志〔alibi〕Alibi (noun) in its nonlegal sense of "an excuse" is acceptable in written usage to almost half of the Usage Panel.As an intransitive verb (they never alibi ), it is unacceptable in written usage to a large majority of the Panel.Alibi （名词）作为没有法律意义的“借口”解释时， 差不多半数以上的用法使用小组成员认为其书面用法是可以接受的。而作为不及物动词（they never alibi（他们从不为自己辩解） ）， 用法使用小组中的大多数人不接受其书面用法〔letter〕The central meaning shared by these nouns is "a written communication directed to another": 这些名词共有的中心意思是指“发给别人的一种书面交流形式”： 〔describe〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to tell the facts, details, or particulars of something verbally or in writing": 这些动词共有的中心意思是“口头或书面述说事实、细节或特殊之处”： 〔prehistoric〕Of or relating to a language before it is first recorded in writing.有书面记载之前的语言的：有书面记载之前的语言的或与之相关的〔bring〕 This usage may sound curious to those who are accustomed to observe the distinction more strictly,but it bears no particular stigma of incorrectness or illiteracy. ·The formbrung is common in colloquial use in many areas, even among educated speakers, but it is not acceptable for use in formal writing.这一用法也许在习惯于严格区分两词的人听来有点怪，但这不能说明这种用法不正确或是语法差错。brung 的形式在很多地区的口语中，甚至在受过教育的人中间，普遍使用。 但在正式的书面文中这是不允许的〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔address〕A formal spoken or written communication:称呼：正式的口头或书面的交流：〔triptych〕A hinged writing tablet consisting of three leaves, used in ancient Rome.三联书写板：古罗马人日常写字用的以铰链联结、由三张书面组成的书写板〔unfold〕To reveal gradually by written or spoken explanation; make known.展现，披露：通过书面或口头解释逐步揭示；使知道〔voucher〕A written authorization or certificate, especially one exchangeable for cash or representing a credit against future expenditures.证书：书面的委托或证书，尤指能换为现钞的或表示为能作为将来花费信用的凭证〔syllabary〕A list or set of written characters for a language, each character representing a syllable.音节文字：某种语言的音节的书面表或一套书写符号，每个书写符号代表一个音节〔acceptance〕A written instrument so accepted.承兑汇票：这样被接受的一种书面文书〔acquittance〕A written release from an obligation, specifically a receipt indicating payment in full.清欠书，豁免书：书面证明不再负有责任，尤指完全付清欠款〔policy〕A written contract or certificate of insurance.保险单，保险契约：一张书面的保险契约或证明〔infix〕An inflectional or derivational element appearing in the body of a word. In the Tagalog wordsinulat, "written,” the infix -in- appears as the marker of a passive form that contrasts with the active form sulat, "write.” 中缀，中加成分：一个单词中表示屈折变化或派生关系的成分。在他加禄语中，sinulat 一词表示“书面的”，中缀成分 -in- 表示被动的形式，与主动形式的动词 sulat “书写”相对 〔read〕To utter or render aloud (written or printed material):朗读：大声念出或发出（书面或印刷材料）：〔quiz〕A short oral or written test.简单的测试：简短的口头或书面测试〔indite〕To set down in writing.制定：用书面方法规定〔title〕A written work that is published or about to be published:书目：已出版或即将出版的书面作品：〔bulwark〕All of these nouns refer literally to structures used as a defense against attack. A这些名词的书面意思都具指用以抵御进攻的结构。〔memorial〕A written statement of facts or a petition presented to a legislative body or an executive.请愿书，抗议书：呈给法律部门或行政部门的书面事实申明或请愿书〔ought〕Although the omission ofto was formerly possible in English, it is now considered nonstandard. ·Usages such asHe hadn't ought to come and She shouldn't ought to say that are common in many varieties of American English. They should be avoided in written English,however, in favor of the more standard variantought not to. 尽管以前在英语里省略to 是可能的， 但现在这样做就会被认为不标准。例如他不会来 和 她不该说 之类的用法在各种美式英语中很普遍。 但在书面英语中应避免这样使用，而应使用更标准的变体ought not to 〔polyphone〕A written character or combination of characters having two or more phonetic values, such as the English lettera. 多音字母；多音符号：具有两种或更多音值的一个书面字母或几个字母的组合，如英语字母a 〔typeset〕To set (written material) into type; compose.把……排版：把（书面的材料）排成铅字；排字〔prove〕Both forms are now well established in written English as participles: 现在这两种形式在书面英语中作为分词已完全被接受： 〔dossier〕A collection of papers giving detailed information about a particular person or subject.卷宗：有关某人或某事详细情况的书面材料汇编〔lash〕To make a scathing verbal or written attack:严厉谴责：进行严厉的口头地或书面地攻击： |
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