| 单词 | 交谈 |
| 释义 | 〔talk〕To converse by means of spoken language:交谈：通过口语来交流思想：〔chief〕the main subject of conversation.交谈中最主要的话题。〔dialogue〕from Greek dialogos [conversation] 源自 希腊语 dialogos [交谈] 〔homiletic〕from homilein [to converse with] 源自 homilein [与…交谈] 〔pleasantry〕A good-humored or playful manner in conversation or social relations.幽默轻松：交谈或社交中的脾气好的或爱开玩笑的方式〔bond〕"What bonded[the two men] —who spoke rarely and have little personal rapport—was patience and a conviction that uncontrolled inflation endangers . . . society" (Robert J. Samuelson)“［那两人］ ——他们很少交谈，个性也不合——而将这两个结合在一起的原因是耐心和共同的信念，即无法控制的通货膨胀威胁着…社会” (罗伯特J.塞缪尔森)〔dialogue〕To converse in a dialogue.对话：用对话交谈〔crosstalk〕Ancillary, incidental conversation:交谈，相声：补充性的、附属性的交谈：〔plain〕plain talk.开诚不公的交谈〔argue〕 Bicker connotes sharp, persistent, bad-tempered exchange: Bicker 含有尖刻，固执，心情不好的交谈： 〔crosstalk〕crosstalk among members of the panel.调查委员会委员们的补充性交谈〔chew〕To talk together in a friendly, leisurely way; chat at length.聊天：友好轻松地一起交谈；很长时间地聊天〔engage〕engage a shy person in conversation.使害羞的人加入了交谈〔sociable〕Marked by or affording occasion for agreeable conversation and conviviality.See Synonyms at social 社交的：带有或提供令人愉快的交谈和作乐的场合的 参见 social〔interpose〕To introduce or interject (a comment, for example) during discourse or a conversation.See Synonyms at introduce 插话：在交谈或谈话中添入或插入（例如，评论） 参见 introduce〔converse〕To engage in a spoken exchange of thoughts, ideas, or feelings; talk.See Synonyms at speak 交谈：进行交流思想、看法或感情的谈话；交谈 参见 speak〔kindly〕He spoke kindly to us.他亲切地与我们交谈〔gabfest〕A long, animated conversation or discussion.长时间的闲谈：长时间的热烈交谈或讨论〔shoptalk〕Talk or conversation concerning one's work or business.有关本行的谈话：有关自己的工作或行业的谈话或交谈〔accessible〕Easy to talk to or get along with:易相处的：易于与之交谈或相处的：〔telephone〕To speak with (a person) by telephone.用电话与（某人）交谈〔affable〕fārī [to speak] * see bhā- 2fārī [交谈] * 参见 bhā- 2〔playful〕"He meant to be conversationally playful but his voice had no tone"(Saul Bellow)“他想使交谈幽默一些，但他的话里没有一点幽默的语气”(索尔·贝洛)〔strike〕struck rudely into the conversation.粗鲁地打断交谈〔confabulate〕fābulārī [to talk] from fābula [conversation] * see fable fābulārī [谈话] 源自 fābula [交谈] * 参见 fable〔speak〕To convey thoughts, opinions, or emotions orally.交谈：口头表达思想、意见或情感〔mistress〕Mistress Used formerly as a courtesy title when speaking to or of a woman. Mistress 女士，夫人：与女性交谈或谈及一位女性时，用作礼貌称谓〔palaver〕alteration of Late Latin parabola [speech, parable] * see parable 后期拉丁语 parabola的变化 [交谈，比喻] * 参见 parable〔Papiamentu〕probably from Portuguese papaguear, papear [to chatter] 可能源自 葡萄牙语 papaguear, papear [交谈，聊] 〔homiletic〕from homilētos [conversation] 源自 homilētos [交谈] 〔discourse〕To engage in conversation or discussion; converse.谈论，谈话：进行谈话或谈论；交谈〔topic〕A subject of discussion or conversation.话题：讨论或交谈的主题〔ax〕Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both āscian and ācsian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines "I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf" and "Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 āscian 和 ācsian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ："I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和"Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 〔dervish〕A member of any of various Moslem ascetic orders, some of which perform whirling dances and vigorous chanting as acts of ecstatic devotion.（穆斯林）狂舞托钵僧，苦行僧：穆斯林禁欲僧侣，他们常以旋转的舞蹈和大声交谈表示其对宗教的狂热的虔诚〔telephone〕When one telephones someone else,one never gives a second thought to the linguistic and etymological processes illustrated by the wordtelephone. To begin with,the nountelephone is one of a class of technological and scientific words that are made up of combining forms, in this casetele- and -phone. These forms are derived from classical languages:tele- is from the Greek combining form tēle- or tēl-, a form of tēle, meaning "afar, far off,” while-phone is from Greek phōnē, "sound, voice.” Such words derived from classical languages can be put together in French or German,for example, as well as in English.Which language actually gave birth to them cannot always be determined.In this case Frenchtelephone (about 1830) seems to have priority. The word was used for an acoustic apparatus, as it originally was in English (1844).Alexander Graham Bell appropriated the word for his invention in 1876,and in 1877 we have the first instance of the verbtelephone meaning "to speak to by telephone.” The verb is an example of a linguistic process called functional shift.This occurs when we use a noun as a verb,an adjective as a noun, or a noun as an adjective.Thus, we are changing the syntactic function of the word,just as we do when wetelephone a friend. 当某人打电话给别人时，他决不会再想一想单词Telephone 所说明的语言学的和词源学的发展历程。 开始时，名词telephone 是由复合形式构成的一类技术和科学术语中的一个， 在这个例子中是tele- 和 -phone 。 这些形式来自于古典语言：tele- 来自于希腊语的复合形式 tele- 或 tel- （ tele 的形式，意为“在远处，遥远地”）， 而-phone 则来自希腊语 phone （“声音，嗓音”）。 这些来自古典语言的词可以在法语或德语中放在一起，例如，同英语一样。这些词到底诞生于哪一种语言通常无法确认。在这个例子中，法语telephone （大约于1830年）看起来出现较早。 这个单词正如它最初出现在英语中(1844年）的意思一样，在法语中它用于指声音设备。亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔在1876年用这个词指代他的发明物，1877年我们有了第一个意为“用电话与…交谈”的动词telephone 的实例。 这个动词是称为功能转移的语言学进程的一个例子。这种情况在我们将名词作为动词，将形容词作为名词或将名词作为形容词使用时就发生。这样，我们正在改变单词的句法功能，正如在我们打电话给 一位朋友时所做的一样 〔commune〕To be in a state of intimate, heightened sensitivity and receptivity, as with one's surroundings:亲密地交谈：处于亲密、加深的情感和感受的状态，如与周围的事物：〔who〕The traditional rules that determine the use ofwho and whom are relatively simple: who is used for a grammatical subject, where a nominative pronoun such as I or he would be appropriate, andwhom is used elsewhere. Thus, we writeThe actor who played Hamlet was there, sincewho stands for the subject of played Hamlet; andWho do you think is the best candidate? where who stands for the subject of is the best candidate. But we writeTo whom did you give the letter? sincewhom is the object of the preposition to; andThe man whom the papers criticized did not show up, sincewhom is the object of the verb criticized. ? Considerable effort and attention are required to apply the rules correctly in complicated sentences.To produce correctly a sentence such asI met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite, we must anticipate when we writewhom that it will function as the object of the verb extradite, several clauses distant from it.It is thus not surprising that writers from Shakespeare onward should often have interchangedwho and whom. And though the distinction shows no signs of disappearing in formal style,strict adherence to the rules in informal discourse might be taken as evidence that the speaker or writer is paying undue attention to the form of what is said, possibly at the expense of its substance.In speech and informal writingwho tends to predominate over whom; a sentence such asWho did John say he was going to support? will be regarded as quite natural, if strictly incorrect. By contrast, the use ofwhom where who would be required, as inWhom shall I say is calling? may be thought to betray a certain linguistic insecurity. ? When the relative pronoun stands for the object of a preposition that ends a sentence,whom is technically the correct form: the strict grammarian will insist onWhom (not who ) did you give it to? But grammarians since Noah Webster have argued that the excessive formality ofwhom in these cases is at odds with the relative informality associated with the practice of placing the preposition in final position and that the use of who in these cases should be regarded as entirely acceptable. ? The relative pronounwho may be used in restrictive relative clauses, in which case it is not preceded by a comma, or in nonrestrictive clauses, in which case a comma is required.Thus, we may say eitherThe scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized, where the clausewho discovers a cure for cancer indicates which scientist will be immortalized, orThe mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known, where the clausewho solved the four-color theorem adds information about a person already identified by the phrase the mathematician over there. ? Some grammarians have argued that onlywho and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause that identifies a person. This restriction has no basis either in logic or in the usage of the best writers;it is entirely acceptable to write eitherthe man that wanted to talk to you or the man who wanted to talk to you. ? The grammatical rules governing the use ofwho and whom apply equally to whoever and whomever. See Usage Note at else ,that ,whose 确定用法的传统规则who 和 whom 相对简单： who 语法上用作主语，同 I 或 he 等主格代词的位置相同， 而whom 用于别处。 这样，我们写The actor who played Hamlet was there （演哈姆雷特的演员在那边）， 因此who 代表的是 played Hamlet 的主语。 在句子Who do you think is the best candidate? （你认为谁是最好的候选人?）中 who 代表 is the best candidate 的主语。 但是我们说To whom did you give the letter? （你把信给谁了?）， 因为whom 是介词 to 的宾语； 在句子The man whom the papers criticized did not show up, （报纸上批评的那个人没有来）， 因为whom 是动词 criticized 的宾语 。在复杂的句子里，正确应用这些规则需要相当的努力和注意。正确地造出如I met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite （我遇到了政府曾努力让法国引渡的那个人）这样的句子， 在写whom 之前我们必须预知它将作动词 extradite 的宾语， 尽管两个词离得很远。这也就难怪自莎士比亚以来的作家经常把who 和 whom 交换使用了。 尽管在正式文体中两者区别仍然存在，但如果在非正式的交谈中严格地遵守这些规则会被认为说话者或作者可能不顾内容而过分注视说话的形式。在口语和非正式书面语中，who 趋向于代替 whom; 人们会认为象Who did John say he was going to support? （约翰说他将支持谁?）这样句子很自然，尽管严格来说它是不正确的。 相反，在应该用who 的地方用 whom 则显出一种语言上的不稳定， 如Whom shall I say is calling? （我说是谁在打电话?）。 当关系代词替代句尾的介词宾语时，whom 在理论上是正确的形势： 严格的语法坚持Whom （而不是 who ) did you give it to?（你把它给谁了？） 但从诺·韦伯斯特以来的语法学家认为whom 在这种情况下过分正式，而把介词放在句尾相对来说又不正式，这就有了矛盾，所以在这种情况下用 who 完全可以接受。 关系代词who 可以用在限定关系从句中，前面不要加逗号， 也可用在非限定关系从句中，则需要加逗号。所以我们既可以说The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized （发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而不朽）， 在此处从句who discovers a cure for cancer 指这样的科学家将会不朽， 也可以说The mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known （在那边的数学家非常出名，他解决了四色定理）， 从句who solved the four-color theorem 给已经由短语 the mathematician over there 确定了的人增加了一些有关他的信息。 有些语法学家认为只有who 而不是 that 可以连接表示人的限定性关系从句。 这种限制在逻辑上没有根据，在最优秀作家的用法中也未有根据；无论说the man that wanted to talk to you （想要跟你说话的那个人）或 the man who wanted to talk to you 都是完全可以接受的。 有关who 和 whom 的语法规则同样适用于 whoever 和 whomever 参见 else,that,whose〔affable〕Easy and pleasant to speak to; approachable.See Synonyms at amiable 和蔼的：易于交谈的；易接近的 参见 amiable〔Kanaka〕Kanaka, which simply means "human being" in Hawaiian, is mostly found today in historical contextsand is not usually appropriate in ordinary discourse.As with many terms that refer to ethnic identity,Kanaka can suggest ethnic pride in some contexts while in others it may be taken as derogatory.Kanaka 在夏威夷语中意思是“人”。 现今该词主要在历史语境中出现，通常不适用于普通的交谈中。正如许多指称种族特性的术语，Kanaka 在某些语境中含有种族自豪的意思， 而在另一些语境中也许被当作贬义语〔amiable〕 Affable especially fits a person who is easy to approach, responsive in conversation, and slow to anger: Affable 尤其适用于形容一个容易接近，交谈时反映灵敏和不易生气的人： |
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