单词 | 人文主义 |
释义 | 〔humane〕Marked by an emphasis on humanistic values and concerns:高雅的,文雅的:将侧重点置于人文主义价值或所关心的事物上的:〔humanist〕Humanist A Renaissance scholar devoted to Humanism. Humanist 信奉人文主义的文艺复兴学者〔humanism〕A system of thought that centers on human beings and their values, capacities, and worth.人文主义:一种思想体系,中心点是人类、人类的价值和能力〔More〕English politician, humanist scholar, and writer who refused to comply with the Act of Supremacy, by which English subjects were enjoined to recognize Henry VIII's authority over the pope, and was imprisoned in the Tower of London and beheaded for treason. His political essayUtopia (1516), speculates about life under an ideal government. More was canonized in 1935. 莫尔,托马斯:(1478-1535) 英国政治家、人文主义学者和作家,拒绝遵守行为至上的法令,这一法令强迫英国臣民承认亨利八世的权威在教皇之上,后来他被囚禁在伦敦塔内直至以叛国罪为名被斩首。他的政治论文《乌托邦》 (1516年)构想了一种理想政府之下的生活。莫尔在1935年被封为圣徒 〔Babbitt〕American humanist and scholar whose New Humanism movement sought to revive interest in classical virtues in literary criticism.白壁德,欧文:(1865-1933) 美国人类学家和学者,他的新人文主义运动试图恢复文学批评理论中对传统美德的关注〔humanist〕A believer in the principles of humanism.人文主义者:人文主义理论的信仰者〔guillotine〕"At half past 12 the guillotine severed her head from her body.”So reads the statementcontaining the first recorded use ofguillotine in English, found in theAnnual Register of 1793. The word occurs in a context clearly illustrating the function of theguillotine, "a machine with a heavy blade that falls freely between upright guides to behead a condemned person.” Ironically, the guillotine, which became the most notable symbol of the excesses of the French Revolution,was named for a humanitarian physician, Joseph Ignace Guillotin.Guillotin, a member of the French Constituent Assembly,recommended in a speech to that body on October 10, 1789,that executions be performed by a beheading device rather than by hanging, the method used for commoners, or by the sword, reserved for the nobility.He argued that beheading by machine was quicker and less painful than the work of the rope and the sword.In 1791 the Assembly did indeed adopt beheading by machine as the state's preferred method of execution.A beheading device designed by Dr. Antoine Louis, secretary of the College of Surgeons, was first used on April 25, 1792, to execute a highwayman named Pelletier or Peletier.The device was called alouisette or louison after its inventor's name,but because of Guillotin's famous speech,his name became irrevocably associated with the machine. After Guillotin's death in 1814,his children tried unsuccessfully to get the device's name changed.When their efforts failed,they were allowed to change their name instead.“十二点半,断头台斩落了他的头颅。”这句话如此写道。这是英语文章中第一次使用guillotine 这个词, 它出现在1793年的年度文摘 中。 该文中,该词清楚地体现了guillotine 的功用——“利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的机器。” 令人啼笑皆非的是,这一成为法国大革命中恐怖暴行最显著标志的断头台,竟是因一个人文主义医生,约瑟夫·英格纳斯·吉约坦命名的。吉约坦是法国国民代表大会的成员,在1789年10月的一次发言中向大会提出,在处决犯人时以一种砍头的机器来代替处决普通犯人时所用的绞刑或是处决贵族时使用的宝剑。他认为用机器砍头比用绳子或宝剑快而且痛苦小。1791年,国民大会确实将用机器砍头定为国家处决犯人的方法。由外科医生院秘书长安东尼·路易医生设计的砍头装置在1792年4月25日处决拦路强盗佩尔蒂或佩尔捷时第一次使用。这个装置被称为路易塞特 或 路易森 , 因由其发明者而得名。但是由于吉约坦那次著名的发言,他的名字不可避免地与这种机器联系在一起。1814年吉约坦死后,他的子孙试图为这种机器换个名字,但没有成功。当他们的努力失败后,他们得到允许,改换了自己的名字〔Maslow〕American psychologist and a founder of humanistic psychology who developed a hierarchical model of human motivation, in which a higher need, ultimately that for self-actualization, is expressed only after lower needs are fulfilled.马斯洛,亚伯拉罕:(1908-1970) 美国心理学家,人文主义心理学的奠基人。他提出人类行为动机的等级模型,根据该模型,只有当基本的低级需求被满足后,高级需求──最终就是对自我实现的需求,才会表现出来〔humanism〕"the newest flower on the vine of corporate humanism"(Savvy)“集体人文主义藤上绽开的新花”(萨维)〔renaissance〕The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe.文艺复兴:古典艺术,建筑,文学和学识的人文主义复兴,起源于14世纪的意大利,后来蔓延到整个欧洲 |
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