| 单词 | 人类学家 |
| 释义 | 〔Brinton〕American anthropologist who was the first to attempt a systematic classification of Native American languages.布林顿，丹尼尔·加里森：(1837-1899) 美国人类学家，是第一个试图对美洲土著人的语言进行系统分类的人〔Lowie〕Austrian-born American anthropologist noted for his studies of Native Americans of the Plains.洛维，罗伯特·哈里：(1883-1957) 奥地利裔的美国人类学家，以其对大平原的印第安人研究出名〔Hockett〕American linguist and anthropologist whose works includeA Manual of Psychology (1955). He is also a composer of opera and orchestral works. 哈其斯，查尔斯：美国语言学家和人类学家，其作品包括《心理学简介》 （1955年）。他也是歌剧及管弦乐的作曲家 〔Wissler〕American anthropologist noted for his studies of Native American cultural and geographic patterns, includingThe American Indians (1917) and Indians of the United States (1940). 威斯勒，克拉克：(1870-1947) 美国人类学家，因研究美洲土著人文化和地理模式而著名，作品包括《美洲印第安人》 （1917年）和 《美国的印第安人》 （1940年） 〔Westermarck〕Finnish anthropologist who asserted that monogomous marriage and the nuclear family were the fundamental elements of society even in primitive times.韦斯特马克，爱德华·亚历山大：(1862-1939) 芬兰人类学家，他认为一夫一妻婚姻制与核心家庭即使在原始时期也是社会的基本要素〔Frazer〕British anthropologist who examined the importance of magic, religion, and science to the development of human thought in his most famous work,The Golden Bough (1890). 弗雷泽，詹姆斯·乔治：(1854-1941) 英国人类学家，在其最著名的作品《金枝》 （1890年）中研究了巫术、宗教和科学对于人类思想发展的重要性 〔Linton〕American anthropologist who synthesized elements of anthropology and psychology in an attempt to determine the ways in which cultures are formed. His works includeThe Study of Man (1936) and The Tree of Culture (1955). 林顿，拉尔夫：(1893-1953) 美国人类学家，他综合了人类学和心理学的因素试图研究文化形成的过程。他的作品有《人类研究》 （1936年）和 《文化谱系》 （1955年） 〔Deniker〕French anthropologist who proposed the ethnological classification of Europeans according to stature, cranial index, and color of hair.戴尼克尔，约瑟夫：(1852-1918) 法国人类学家，他按骨架、头盖骨和头发的颜色提出了对欧洲人进行分类的种族分类法〔Sapir〕American linguist and anthropologist noted for his studies of Native American languages and his theories on the ways in which language shapes our perceptions.萨皮尔，爱德华：(1884-1939) 美国语言学家和人类学家，以其对美洲土著语言的研究和关于语言影响人们的感性认识的理论而著名〔Kroeber〕American anthropologist noted for his inquiry into the nature of culture. He was influential in the development of anthropology as an academic field.克罗伯，阿尔弗烈德·路易斯：(1876-1960) 美国人类学家，以他对文化性质的研究而著称。他对作为一个学术领域的人类学的发展具有重大的影响〔Hooton〕American anthropologist and educator whose numerous works includeApes, Men, and Morons (1937). 胡顿，厄尼斯特·阿尔贝特：(1887-1954) 美国人类学家和教育学家，著作甚丰，包括《猿，人和低能者》 （1937年） 〔Bandelier〕Swiss-born American historian, explorer, archaeologist, and anthropologist particularly noted for his work in South and Central America.班德利尔，阿道夫·弗兰西斯·阿方斯：(1840-1914) 瑞士裔美籍历史学家、探险家、考古学家和人类学家，尤以其在南美洲和中美洲的工作闻名〔Montagu〕British-born American anthropologist whose books, such asThe Natural Superiority of Women (1953), helped popularize anthropology. 蒙塔古，阿什利：(生于 1905) 英裔美国人类学家，其著作如《女性的自然优越性》 （1953年），促进了人类学的普及 〔Bertillon〕French anthropologist and criminologist who devised the Bertillon system (1880).贝蒂荣，阿芳斯：(1853-1914) 法国人类学家和犯罪学家，发明贝蒂荣人身测定法（1880年）〔Leakey〕British anthropologist and archaeologist. He influenced evolutionary theory with his account and analysis of the discovery, by his wife,Mary Leakey (born 1913), of the 1.75-million-year-old Zinjanthropus skull in Tanzania. Mary Leakey and their son Richard Leakey (born 1944) have continued his research. 利基，路易斯·西摩·巴泽特：(1903-1972) 英国人类学家和考古学家。他对其妻子玛丽·利基 （生于1913年）在坦桑尼亚发现的175万年前的东非人头盖骨的叙述和分析影响过进化理论。玛丽·利基和他们的儿子 理查德·利基 （生于1944年）继承了他的研究工作 〔Morgan〕American anthropologist who studied Native Americans, particularly the Seneca. His written works includeAncient Society (1877). 摩根，刘易斯·亨利：(1818-1881) 美国人类学家，研究美洲土著居民，尤其是在塞内卡居民。他的著作包括《古代社会》 （1877年） 〔Mead〕American anthropologist noted for her landmark studies of adolescence and sexual behavior in primitive cultures. Her books includeComing of Age in Samoa (1928). 米德，玛格丽特：(1901-1978) 美国人类学家，因她对青春期和原始文化中的性行为有里程碑式的研究而著名。她的著作有《萨摩亚人的成年》 （1928年） 〔Benedict〕American anthropologist noted for her study of Native American and Japanese cultures.本尼迪克特，鲁思·富尔顿：(1887-1948) 美国人类学家，以其对美国土著文化和日本文化的研究而闻名〔Babbitt〕American humanist and scholar whose New Humanism movement sought to revive interest in classical virtues in literary criticism.白壁德，欧文：(1865-1933) 美国人类学家和学者，他的新人文主义运动试图恢复文学批评理论中对传统美德的关注〔Blumenbach〕German pioneer zoologist and anthropologist who divided the species Homo sapiens into five subclassifications.布鲁门巴赫，约翰·弗雷德里希：(1752-1840) 德国早期动物学家和人类学家，他将人种分为五个亚类〔Boas〕German-born American anthropologist who emphasized the systematic analysis of culture and language structures.博厄斯，弗朗兹：(1858-1942) 德裔美国人类学家，强调文化和语言结构的系统分析〔projection〕"Even trained anthropologists have been guilty of unconscious projection—of clothing the subjects of their research in theories brought with them into the field"(Alex Shoumatoff)“即使是受过训练的人类学家也仍会因不自觉的投射而内疚…他们常会将被他们带入该领域的理论来表达他们的研究主题”(亚历克斯·肖马托夫)〔Palgrave〕British poet and anthologist known for hisGolden Treasury of the Best Songs and Lyrical Poems in the English Language (1861). 帕尔格雷夫，弗朗西斯·特纳：(1824-1897) 英国诗人和人类学家，以他的《在英语语言中最好的歌曲和抒情诗篇的宝库》 （1861年）而闻名 〔gender〕Traditionally,gender has been used primarily to refer to the grammatical categories of "masculine,” "feminine,” and "neuter"; but in recent years the word has become well established in its use to refer to sex-based categories,as in phrases such asgender gap and the politics of gender. This usage is supported by the practice of many anthropologists,who reservesex for reference to biological categories, while usinggender to refer to social or cultural categories. According to this rule,one would sayThe effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender ) of the patient, butIn peasant societies, gender (not sex ) roles are likely to be more clearly defined. This distinction is useful in principle,but it is by no means widely observed,and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels.传统地，gender 已被主要用来指“阳性”、“阴性”和“中性”的语法类别， 自近年来，这个单词已被人们普遍接受为指基于性别区分的类别，例如在词组性别差异 和 性别政治 中， 这种用法被许多人类学家所支持，他们把sex 局限为生物类别， 而用gender 来指社会和文化方面的类别。 根据这种规则，我们应该说医疗的有效性似乎取决于 （而不是 gender ） 病人的性别， 但是在农业国家中，性别的 （不是 sex ） 角色易于有更清楚的定义。 这种区分在原则上是有用的，但无法被人们广泛注意，而且大量变体出现于在不同水平的用法中〔Herskovits〕American anthropologist who organized at Northwestern University the first American program in African studies (1951).海尔什科维奇，梅尔维尔·让：(1895-1963) 美国人类学家，1951年他在西北大学建立了美国第一家非洲研究项目 |
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