| 单词 | 什么 |
| 释义 | 〔blinkered〕"He grasped the meaning of a blinkered youth"(Benjamin DeMott)"The characters have a blinkered view and, misinterpreting what they see, sometimes take totally inexpedient action"(Pauline Kael)“他知道了一个主观片面的青年意味着什么”(本杰明·德莫特)“人物的见解主观片面，错误解释他们的所见，有时还采取完全不明智的行动”(保利娜·克尔)〔very〕In general usagevery is not used alone to modify a past participle. Thus we may say of a book, for example, that it has beenvery much praised, very much criticized, very much applauded, or whatever, but not that it has beenvery praised, very criticized, or very applauded. However, many past participle forms do double duty as adjectives,in which case modification by a barevery, or by analogous adverbs such as quite, is acceptable: there can be no objection to phrases such asa very creased handkerchief, a very celebrated singer, or a very polished performance. In some cases there is disagreement as to whether a particular participle can be used properly as an adjective:over the years objections have been raised as to the use ofvery by itself with delighted, interested, annoyed, pleased, disappointed, and irritated. All these words are now well established as adjectives,as indicated by the fact that they can be used attributively ( 在一般用法中very 不是仅用来修辞过去分词。 因此我们可说，例如一本书是very much praised, very much criticized, very much applauded（深受推崇的，深受批评的，深受赞扬的） 或者任意什么， 但是不说它被very praised, very criticized（很推崇的，深受批评的） 或 very applauded（深受赞扬）。 然而，许多过去分词有形容词的双重功能，只用very 或者类似的副词比如 quite 来进行格的修饰是可以接受的： 对于一些词组例如a very creased handkerchief, a very celebrated singer（特别皱的手帕，很知名的歌手） 或者 a very polished performance（优美的演出） 不会有异议。 有时对于是否能用一个特定的分词来做形容词的问题有些分歧：许多年来对于把very 与 delighted, interested, annoyed, pleased, disappointed（高兴 的，有兴趣的，生气的，高兴的，失望的） 和 irritated（发怒的） 在一起连用有些异议。 现在这些词都已被确定下来当作形容词使用，这已被它们可以当作定语的事实证明( 〔harebrained〕The first part of the compoundharebrained is often misspelled hair in the belief that the meaning of the word is "with a hair-sized brain" rather than "with no more sense than a hare.”Thoughhairbrained has a long history, this spelling is not established usage.复合词harebrained 的前半部分常被错拼为 hair ， 因为人们认为该词的含义更接近于“没什么头脑的”而不是“象野兔一样愚蠢的”。虽然后一种写法hairbrained 的产生已经有一段很长的历史， 但这种写法仍不是公认的用法〔separate〕"None shall part us from each other" (W.S. Gilbert). “没有什么能将我们分开” (W·S·吉尔伯特）： 〔play〕Quit playing games and tell me what you want.不要含糊其词，告诉我你想要什么〔else〕Who else's book could it have been?这可能是别的什么人的书?〔whatever〕Whatever does he mean?他到底是什么意思?〔when〕In informal stylewhen is often used after be in definitions: A dilemma is when you don't know which way to turn. The construction is useful,but it is widely regarded as incorrect or as unsuitable for formal discourse.In formal style there is no alternative but to rephrase such definitions to avoidis when : A dilemma is a situation in which you don't know which way to turn. You are in a dilemma when you don't know which way to turn. 在非正式文体中when 常在定义中用在 be 后面： 进退两难就是当你不知道该走哪条路的时候。 这个结构是有用的，但被广泛认为它对正式交谈来说是不正确的或者是不合适的。在正式文体中没有替代词，只能改变措辞以避免is when ： 进退两难就是这样一个你不知道该怎么办的处境。 当你不知道你该做什么时你就处于进退两难的维谷了 〔force〕Say nothing unless you're compelled to.除非强迫你，否则什么也别说。〔Howard〕American playwright best known for his playThey Knew What They Wanted (1924), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize. 霍华德，锡德尼·库：(1891-1939) 美国剧作家，其最为著名的剧作品是《他们知道需要什么》 （1924年），他因这部剧作而获普利策奖 〔nothing〕The box contained nothing. I've heard nothing about it.盒子里什么也没有。我什么也没听说〔business〕"We will proceed no further in this business"(Shakespeare)“我们在这件事上将不再有什么进展”(莎士比亚)〔what〕Which thing or which particular one of many:什么：哪个东西或许多中的特定一个：〔deuce〕What the deuce were they thinking of?他们到底在想什么〔else〕I have always done it this way and I do not know how else it could be done. Where else would you like to go besides San Francisco?我总是这样做的，我不知道还有别的方法。除了旧金山你还要去什么地方?〔nowhere〕a cabin in the middle of nowhere.不知在什么中心的小屋〔careen〕The implication of rapidity that most often accompanies the use ofcareen as a verb of motion may have arisen naturally through the extension of the nautical sense of the verb to apply to the motion of automobiles, which generallycareen, that is, lurch or tip over, only when driven at high speed. There is thus no reason to conclude that this use of the verb is the result of a confusion ofcareen with career, "to rush.” Whatever the origin of this use, however,it is by now so well establishedthat it would be pedantic to object to it.在多数时候，careen 作为动作动词使用时具有速度迅捷的含义。把该动词在航海方面的意思引申，使其义应用于汽车的运行，也许这样就很自然地产生了迅捷的含义； 因为汽车只有在高速行驶时通常才careen ，即突然地侧倾或偏斜。 据此，如果下结论说动词的这种用法是混淆了careen 和表示“急驰，猛冲的” careen 的结果，这是毫无道理的。 然而，不论这用法的起源是什么，如今它已得到确认，要对此表示异议的话未免过于迂腐了〔holdup〕What's the holdup? We're in a hurry.什么停顿了?我们现在很着急〔pass〕What passed during the day?这一天发生了什么事〔disinterested〕a proportion that is not significantly different from the 93 percent who disapproved of the same usage in an earlier survey.与前一段统计中不赞成这一同样用法的比率百分之九十三相比，没有什么大的差别〔hurt〕"It never hurt to have a friend at court"(Tom Clancy)“有个在法院工作的朋友没什么不好”(汤姆·克兰西)〔mislay〕I have mislaid my hat.我忘记把我的帽子放在什么地方了〔midwife〕The wordmidwife is the sort of word whose etymology is perfectly clear until one tries to figure it out.Wife would seem to refer to the woman giving birth, who is usually a wife,butmid ? A knowledge of older senses of words helps us with this puzzle.Wife in its earlier history meant "woman,” as it still did when the compoundmidwife was formed in Middle English (first recorded around 1300). Mid is probably a preposition, meaning "together with.”Thus amidwife was literally a "with woman" or "a woman who assists other women in childbirth.” Even though obstetrics has been rather resistant to midwifery until fairly recently,the etymology ofobstetric is rather similar, going back to the Latin wordobstetrīx, "a midwife,” from the verbobstāre, "to stand in front of,” and the feminine suffix -trix; theobstetrīx would thus literally stand in front of the baby. 单词midwife 属于那类语源看起来相当明了的词， 可当人们试着搞清楚时，才发现并不那么简单。Wife 似乎是指临产的妇女， 通常都身为人妇，但是mid 指的是什么呢？ 通过了解词语原有的含义我们可以解开这个谜。Wife 早期时意指“妇女”， 当midwife 这个复合词在中古英语中形成的时候它仍然有此含义（首次记载于1300年前后）。 Mid 有可能是个介词， 意为“与…在一起”。这样midwife 字面上的意思就是“与妇女在一起”或者“帮助临产妇女生产的妇女”。 虽然直到近期产科学还一直抵制助产术一词，但是obstetric 的语源却与其很相似。 它可以上溯到拉丁词语obstetrix 意为“接生者”， 该词由动词obstare “站在…的前面”再加上阴性后缀 -trix 构成； 于是obstetrix 这个词字面上的意思是站在婴儿前面的人 〔swing〕The children have free swing in deciding what color to paint their room.孩子们可以自由决定用什么颜色油漆他们的房间〔powder〕To be ready for a challenge with little warning.准备万一：准备接受事先没有什么警告的挑战〔answer〕“ the attempt to answer questions, without first discovering precisely what question it is which you desire to answer ” (G.E. Moore). “试图回答问题，但首先还没有发现你想回答的问题是什么 ” (G·E·摩尔）。 〔matter〕What's the matter with your car?你的车出什么毛病了?〔else〕Whose else could it have been? See Usage Note at who ,whose 它还能是别的什么人的呢? 参见 who,whose〔raid〕The members of an army traveling on a particularroad to carry out a raid probably would not draw a connection between the two words.However,raid and road descend from the same Old English word rād. Theai in raid represents the standard development in the northern dialects of Old English long a, while theoa in road represents the standard development of Old English long a in the rest of the English dialects. Old Englishrād meant "the act of riding" and "the act of riding with a hostile intent; that is, a raid,”senses that no longer exist for our wordroad. It was left to Sir Walter Scott to revive the Scots formraid with the sense "a military expedition on horseback.”The Scots weren't making all the raids, however.Others seem to have returned the favor,for we find these words in the Middle EnglishCoventry Leet Book : "aftur a Rode . . . made uppon the Scottes at thende of this last somer.”The "Rode" was led by the non-Scottish Duke of Gloucester, who was later crowned as Richard III, and Henry Percy, Duke of Northumberland.一支部队的士兵在某条road （路）上行进以发动一场 raid （袭击）， 这大概不会使这两个词之间产生什么联系。然而raid 和 road 这两个词源于古英语中的同一个词 rad 。 Raid 中的 ai 代表了古英语中北部发言中长 a 的标准发展， 而road 中的 oa 代表了其它地区古英语方言中长 a 的发展。 古英语中rad 的意思是“骑马的行动和出于敌意而骑马的行动； 也就是说，一次奇袭，”词意中不再有路 这个意思。 沃尔特·斯科特爵士又恢复了raid 这个词的苏格兰语形式， 其意思是“马上的远征”。然而，奇袭并不只是由苏格兰人发动。别人似乎也保留了对这个词的偏好，因为我们在中世纪英语的考文垂史料 中发现了这段话： “在去年夏末对苏格兰发动的奇袭之后…”。该“奇袭”是由后来被冠以查理三世的格洛斯特的非苏格兰公爵和诺森柏兰的亨利·珀西公爵领导的〔conjecture〕We can only guess what will happen next.我们只能猜测将会发生什么。〔point〕What is the point of discussing this issue further?这件事再讨论下去有什么意义呢?〔line〕What line of work are you in?你的工作是什么?〔ironic〕The wordsironic, irony, and ironically are sometimes used of events and circumstances that might better be described as simply "coincidental" or "improbable,” in that they suggest no particular lessons about human vanity or folly.Thus 78 percent of the Usage Panel rejects the use ofironically in the sentence 单词ironic， irony 和 ironically 有时所修饰的事件和环境也许就简单地描述为“巧合的”或“不可能发生的”还更好一些， 因为它们并未对人类的虚妄或愚蠢提出什么特别的暗示。因此，用法专题讨论小组的百分之七十八的成员反对将ironically 用在下面这句话中 〔besides〕He had few friends besides us. See Usage Note at together 除我们之外他没有什么朋友 参见 together〔how〕What. Usually used in requesting that something be said again:什么。通常用来要求再说一遍某事：〔want〕Say what you want, but be tactful.圆滑地说出你想要什么?〔degrading〕"There is nothing so degrading as the constant anxiety about one's means of livelihood"(W. Somerset Maugham)“没有什么象不断地忧虑着自己如何谋生那样丢脸的事了”( W.萨默塞特·莫姆)〔where〕To what place; toward what end:到哪里，朝什么目的：〔ax〕Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both āscian and ācsian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines "I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf" and "Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 āscian 和 ācsian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ："I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和"Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 〔orbit〕"What magnetism drew these quaking ruined creatures into his orbit?”(Malcolm Lowry)See Synonyms at range “是什么魔力使那些颤抖的废物们都对他俯首称臣”(马尔科姆·劳里) 参见 range |
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