| 单词 | 仅指 |
| 释义 | 〔sanguine〕Perhaps one has wondered what the connection betweensanguinary, "bloodthirsty,” and sanguine, "cheerfully optimistic,” could be. The connection can be found in medieval physiology with its notion of the four humors (blood, bile, phlegm, and black bile).These four body fluids were thought to determine a person's temperament,or distinguishing mental and physical characteristics.Thus, if blood was the predominant humor, one had a ruddy face and a disposition marked by courage, hope, and a readiness to fall in love.Such a temperament was calledsanguine, the Middle English ancestor of our wordsanguine. The sources of the Middle English word were Old Frenchsanguin and Latin sanguineus, the source of the French word. Both the Old French and Latin words meant "bloody,” "blood-colored,”Old Frenchsanguin having the sense "sanguine in temperament" as well. Latinsanguineus in turn was derived from sanguīs, "blood,” just as English sanguinary is. The English adjectivesanguine, first recorded in Middle English before 1350, went on to refer simply to the cheerfulness and optimism that accompanied a sanguine temperament,no longer having any direct reference to medieval physiology.也许有人对sanguinary （“嗜血的”）和 sanguine （“愉快乐观的”）两词之间的联系感到不解。 这种联系可以追溯到中世纪生理学中四种体液的概念（多血质型、胆汁型、黏液型和抑郁型）。这四种体液被认为可决定人的性格，或者能区分出精神和肉体上的特征。因此，如果血液是最主要的体液，一个人就应有红润的脸庞和以勇敢、充满希望、易于陷入情网为特征的性情。这种性情被称为sanguine ， 也就是我们sanguine 一词的中世纪英语的原形。 中世纪英语中该词源于古法语sanguin 一词和拉丁文 sanguineus （法语词的来源）。 在古法语和拉丁文中，该词意思都是“流血的”、“血色的”，古法语sanguin 还含有“生性乐天派的”之意。 拉丁文的sanguineus 也是由 sanguis （“血的”）而来，正如英语中的 sanguinary 一词。 英语形容词sanguine 最初记载于1350年以前的中古英语中， 演化为仅指伴随乐天派性情而具有的愉快和乐观之义，与中世纪生理学没有直接联系〔inactive〕 Inactive simply indicates absence of activity: Inactive 仅指没有活动： 〔distant〕Remote not only means faraway but suggests isolation from the speaker's locality or point in time: Remote 不仅指远而且表示同时远离说话者所在的地点： 〔approve〕Sanction usually implies not only approval (Public opinion ought not to sanction the use of force) but also official authorization (The privilege of voting is a right sanctioned by law). Sanction 通常不仅指赞同（公众意见不应赞同使用武力） 也指官方的认可（选举权是法律所认可的权力)。〔abolish〕 Abolish applies only to doing away with conditions, practices, or regulations, not material things or persons: Abolish 仅指消除状况、行为或条令，而不是物质或人： 〔dinner〕Eating foods such as pizza and ice cream for breakfastmay be justified by the fact that in Middle Englishdinner meant "breakfast,” as did the Old French worddisner, or diner, which was the source of our word. The Old French word came from the Vulgar Latin word.disiūnāre, meaning "to break one's fast;that is, to eat one's first meal,” a notion also contained in our wordbreakfast. The Vulgar Latin word was derived from an earlier word,.disiēiūnāre, the Latin elements of which aredis-, denoting reversal, and iēiūnium, "fast.” Middle Englishdiner not only meant "breakfast" but, echoing usage of the Old French worddiner, more commonly meant "the first big meal of the day, usually eaten between 9a.m. and noon.” Customs change, however,and over the yearswe have let the chief meal become the last meal of the day,by which timewe have broken our fast more than once.早餐吃些如比萨饼及冰淇淋的食物，既可以被中古英语dinner 表示早餐的事实所证实， 也可被该词的词源——古法语词disner 或 diner 证实。 该法语单词出自于通俗拉丁语单词disiunare ， 其意思是“打破禁食后吃的第一餐饭”，同时也含有breakfast 的概念。 通俗拉丁字出自于更早的字disieiunare ， 其拉丁文构成部分是dis- 表示反面和 ieiunium “禁食”。 中古英语diner 不仅指“早饭”， 还模仿了古法语diner 的用法， 一般指“一天中的第一次大餐，常常在上午 9点到中午之间吃”。 然而习惯改变了，许多年以来，我们常常把一天中的最后一顿饭当作主餐，从那时起，我们已不止一次地打破了禁食〔individual〕Since the 19th century, however,there have been numerous critical objections to use of the word to refer simply to "a person" where no larger contrast is implied,as inTwo individuals were placed under arrest or The Mayor will make time for any individual who wants to talk to her. In such contexts the wordsperson and people will usually do the same semantic job with less affectation. 不过19世纪以后，这个词被用来仅指“一个人”，而没有暗含与群体相对的意思；但这种用法引起了很多批评和反对。例如在两人被捕了 或 谁要想和市长谈谈，她都愿意腾出时间来 这两句话中。在这样的上下文中， 用person 和 people 可以表达同样的意思，也不显得矫揉造作 〔rather〕This use ofhad shows an unbroken line of usage running back to Middle English, and traditional criticisms of these constructions are unfounded. ·Before an unmodified noun onlyrather a is used: It was rather a disaster. When the noun is preceded by an adjective, however, bothrather a and a rather are found: It was rather a boring party. It was a rather boring party. Whena rather is used in this construction, rather can be construed as qualifying only the adjective, whereas withrather a it can be construed as qualifying either the adjective or the entire noun phrase. Thusa rather long ordeal can mean only "an ordeal that is rather long,” whereasrather a long ordeal can also mean roughly "a long process that is something of an ordeal.” Rather a is the only possible choice when the adjective itself does not permit modification: The horse was rather a long shot (not The horse was a rather long shot ). See Usage Note at better 1should Had 的这种使用方法可以一直追溯到中古英语， 但历史上并没有对此方法批评的记载。在一个没有修饰词的名词前，一般只使用rather a ： 真是一场灾难。 但当名词前有形容词时，rather a 和 a rather 就都能使用了： It was rather a boring party 。It was a rather a boring party 。 在这种搭配中，如果使用a rather ， rather 只是用来修饰这个形容词； 如果使用rather a， 那么同时修饰形容词和名词，即可认为修饰形容词也可以为修饰名词词组。 因此a rather long ordeal 的意思仅指布道很长， 而rather a long ordeal 则可概略地指一个“像布道似的漫长过程。” 如果形容词本身没有引申义，那么就只能使用rather a ： The horse was rather a long shot （而不是 The horse was a rather long shot ) 参见 better1should〔presume〕Presuppose can mean merely to believe or suppose in advance;it can also mean to require as an antecedent condition: Presuppose 可仅指相信或预先假设；也可指要求有一个先决条件： 〔etiquette〕The visiting prime minister, dispensing with protocol, exchanged informal reminiscences with her neighbor at the table. The word now often denotes simply a code of correct conduct: 来访的总理不拘礼节地与其邻座叙旧。 这个词现在常仅指关于正确行为的准则： 〔fanatic〕"It is unfortunate, considering that enthusiasm moves the world, that so few enthusiasts can be trusted to speak the truth" (A.J. Balfour).More commonly, however, it merely implies strong interest in something, such as a hobby, and lacks the unfavorable connotations of the other terms: “不幸的是，宗教狂热驱动着世界，几乎没有哪一个狂热分子会坚持真理” （A.J鲍尔弗）。然而更为普通的，它仅指对某事有强烈兴趣的人，比如某一爱好，不像其它词那样具有不好的含义： 〔dead〕 Deceased —like departed, which is a euphemistic term—refers only to nonliving human beings: Deceased ——象departed ，委婉的语言——仅指死者：〔nap〕The famous verse 4 in Psalm 121,rendered in the King James Version as "Behold, he that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep,”is rendered in a Middle English translation as "Loo, ha shal not nappen ne slepen that kepeth ireal.”The wordnappen is indeed the Middle English ancestor of our wordnap. Lest it be thought undignified to say that God could nap,it must be realized that our wordnap was at one time not associated only with the younger and older members of society nor simply with short periods of rest.The ancestors of our word,Old Englishhnappian and its descendant, Middle Englishnappen, could both refer to prolonged periods of sleep as well as short ones and also, as in the quotation from Psalm 121, to sleepiness.But these senses have been lost.Since the word has become less dignified,we would not findnap used in a translation of Psalm 121 any longer. 圣经诗篇121中著名的第四节，在钦定圣经译本中记为“看吧，他，守卫以色列的人既不能熟睡也不能打盹，”在中世纪英语中被译为"Loo , ha shal not nappen ne slepen that kepeth ireal"。单词nappen 在中世纪英语中就存在， 是单词nap 的前身。 避免人们不尊敬地认为上帝也能打盹，我们必须认识到单词nap 某些时候不只是与社会中的年轻人和老年人相关， 当然它也不仅指短暂的休息。这个单词的前身，古英语中hnappian 及后来它的衍生词， 中世纪英语中的nappen 都能表示延长时间的睡眠及短暂的睡眠， 如同圣经诗篇121中的引语，表示小睡。但这些意思都已经失传了。因为这个单词逐渐变得不再神圣，我们已无法再找到nap 用于圣经诗篇121的翻译中的意思了 |
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