| 单词 | 从来没有 |
| 释义 | 〔smoke〕I've never smoked a panatela.我从来没有抽过细长的雪茄〔materialize〕The promised subsidies never materialized.允诺的补助金从来没有出现。〔let〕"Their ancestors had been dirt poor and never saw royalty, let alone hung around with them"(Garrison Keillor)“他们的祖先穷得要命，从来没有见过王族成员，更不用说和他们在一起了”(加里森·谢勒)〔immigrant〕A plant or an animal that establishes itself in an area where it previously did not exist.异地移入的动植物群：在从来没有生长过的地区存活并生长的植物或动物〔single〕"A solitary precedent . . . which has never been reexamined, cannot be conclusive" (Henry Clay).“唯一的先例…从来没有重新审视过，不能起决定性的作用” （亨利·克莱）。〔Scotland〕A constituent country of the United Kingdom comprising the northern part of the island of Great Britain and the Hebrides, Shetland Islands, and Orkney Islands. Inhabited by Picts in prehistoric times, the region was invaded but never conquered by the Romans and split into a variety of small kingdoms after the fifth centurya.d. . In the ninth century most of Scotland was unified into one kingdom, but conflicts with the English to the south soon erupted, leading to a series of bloody wars. When Mary Queen of Scots's son James VI succeeded to the English throne in 1603, the two kingdoms were united. Scotland became a part of the kingdom of Great Britain by a parliamentary act of 1707. Edinburgh is the capital and Glasgow the largest city. Population, 5,149,500. 苏格兰：英国的一个选区，它包括大不列颠岛北部、赫布里底群岛、设得兰群岛和奥克尼群岛。史前时代皮克特人曾居住在那里，它曾被罗马人侵略过但从来没有被占领，在公元 5世纪后分裂成许多小的王国。到了9世纪，绝大部分苏格兰都被合并成一个国家，但是与英国人在南方的冲突很快就爆发了，从而导致了一系列血腥战争。当苏格兰王子詹姆斯六世的玛丽女王在1603年继承了英国王位后，这两个国家合并了。通过1707的议会法案，苏格兰成为大英帝国的一部分。爱丁堡是其首府，格拉斯哥是最大的城市。人口5,149,500 〔strawberry〕Izaak Walton's 1655 comment,"We may say of Angling as Dr. Boteler said of Strawberries; Doubtless God could have made a better berry, but doubtless God never did,”is perhaps the nicest use of the wordstrawberry in its history. This history goes back much further in English to the Old English period when the word is first recorded.We know thatstrawberry was formed during that period from the Old English ancestors of our words straw and berry. What is not known is why the wordstraw is the first part of this compound. One possibility is that the small, one-seeded fruits on the surface of a strawberry resemble fragments of straw.尹扎卡·沃尔顿在1655年的评论道，“我们可以谈论钓鱼就如同包特勒医生谈论草莓；无疑地，上帝可以创造一种更好的浆果，但毫无疑问他从来没有做”，这一评论可能是strawberry 这个词在其历史上最好的用法。 在英语中，这个词的最早记录历史可更远地追溯到古英语时期。我们知道，strawberry 这个词在那时来自于我们的词语 straw 和 berry 的古英语祖先。 为什么这个复合词的前半部分为straw 无从得知。 一种可能是草莓表面小的单个种子状的果实象稻草的碎片〔temerarious〕"I would never have been temerarious enough to make use of such a title on my own"(Brendan Gill)See Synonyms at reckless “我从来没有鲁莽到对我自己冠以这样的头衔”(布伦丹·吉尔) 参见 reckless〔purdah〕"Never have artists been more separate: their inordinate fame, wealth, drug use have driven them into luxurious purdah"(D. Keith Mano)“艺术家们从来没有更与世隔离过：他们过度的赞誉、金钱及吸毒使他们进入奢华的与世隔离状态”(D.基思·曼诺)〔prude〕Being a prude has never been widely considered a good thing,but if we dig further into the history of the wordprude, we will find that it had a noble past.The change for the worse took place in French.Frenchprude first had a good sense, "wise woman,” but apparentlya woman could be too wise or, in the eyes of some,too observant of decorum and propriety,and soprude took on the sense in French that was brought into English along with the word, first recorded in 1704.The French word first meant "wise woman"becauseprude was a shortened form of prude femme (earlier in Old Frenchprode femme ), a word that was modeled on earlierpreudomme, "a man of experience and integrity.” The second part of this word is, of course,homme, "man.” Old Frenchprod, meaning "wise, prudent,” is from Vulgar Latin prōdis with the same sense. Prōdis in turn comes from Late Latin prōde, "advantageous,” derived from the verbprodesse, "to be good.” We can see that the history ofprude is filled with usefulness, profit, wisdom, and integrity, but in spite of all this,things did not turn out that well.人们从来没有普遍地认为做一个拘守礼仪的人是一件好事，但是如果我们深挖prude 这个词的历史， 我们会发现这个词有一个体面的过去。这个词变成贬义是在法语中发生的。法语词prude 开始时是褒义的，意为“明智或聪明的女人，” 但是很显然，女人可能会过于聪明或者在某些人的眼里，对仪表和行为的得体过分注重，这样法语词prude 就有了这个和词一起被引入英语的意思， 并最早记载于1704年。这个法语词开始时的意思之所以是“聪明的女人”，因为prude 是 prudefemme 的缩写形式 （更早的时候在古法语中为prodefemme )， 这个词模仿更早的一个词preudomme “一个富有经验而又正直的男人”而来。 这个词的第二部分当然是意为“男人”的homme。 意思是“聪明，谨慎”的古法语prod 由一个相同意思的俗拉丁词 prodis 而来。 Prodis 从后期拉丁语 prode 演变而来，意为“有利的”， 该词又从意思为“从善”的动词prudesse 衍生而来。 我们现在明白prude 的历史充满了有利、利益、智慧或忠诚的意思， 但尽管如此，事情并没有变得那么好〔stigma〕"Party affiliation has never been more casual . . . The stigmata of decay are everywhere"(Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.)See Synonyms at stain “党派联合从来没有如此容易过…堕落的污点到处都是”(小阿瑟M.施莱辛格) 参见 stain〔and〕It is frequently asserted that sentences beginning withand or but express "incomplete thoughts" and are therefore incorrect. But this rule was ridiculed by grammarians like Wilson Follett (who ascribed it to "schoolmarmish rhetoric") and H.W. Fowler (who called it a "superstition"),and the stricture has been ignored by writers from Shakespeare to Virginia Woolf.Members of the Usage Panel were asked whether they paid attention to the rule in their own writing:24 percent answered "always or usually,” 36 percent answered "sometimes,” and 40 percent answered "rarely or never.”See Usage Note at both ,but ,try ,with 通常认为用and 或 but 开始的句子表达“不完整的思想”，因而是不正确的。 但这条规则被一些语法学家所嘲弄，如威尔逊·弗莱特（称之为“古板的修辞”），和H·W福勒（称之为“迷信”），从莎士比亚到弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫之间的作家都忽视了这条规定。当用法专题小组的成员被问到在他们的自己写作中是否也注意到这条规则时：24%的人回答“一直是这样或一般是这样”，36%的人回答“有时这样”，40%的人回答“很少或从来没有” 参见 both,but,try,with〔wellness〕It can be argued thatwellness serves a useful function as a means of describing a state that includes not just physical health but fitness and emotional well-being. The word is first recorded in 1654but has never been given the acceptance of its antonymillness. In the most recent survey 68 percent of the Usage Panel found the word unacceptable in the sentenceA number of corporations have implemented employee wellness programs, aimed at enhancing spiritual values, emotional stability, fitness, and nutrition. Wellness 是否可以来描述一种不仅是身体上的健康而且精神良好的状态是有争议的。 该词的最早纪录出现于1654年，但从来没有被公认作是illness 的反义词。 在最近的一次调查中，百分之六十八的用法专题使用小组成员发现该词不可以用在下面的句中许多公司已发起了旨在指高精神价值、情绪稳定性、健康及营养的雇员健康计划 |
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