| 单词 | 代表 |
| 释义 | 〔epiphany〕A Christian feast celebrating the manifestation of the divine nature of Jesus to the Gentiles as represented by the Magi.主现节：一基督教节日，纪念耶稣向以东方三圣为代表并向异教人民显圣〔D〕Also d The symbol for the Roman numeral 500. 也作 d 五百：代表罗马数字500的符号〔plenipotentiary〕A diplomatic agent, such as an ambassador, fully authorized to represent his or her government.全权代表：授予全权以代表他或她的政府的外交人员，如大使〔example〕Each of these nouns refers to what is representative of or serves to explain a larger group or class.Anexample represents, usually typically, something of which it is a part and thereby demonstrates the character of the whole: 这里的每一个名词都指的是代表或用来解释一组或一类事物。example 这个词通常很典型地表示某事物的一个部分并由此可以表示整个事物的特点： 〔hat〕A role or an office symbolized by or as if by the wearing of different head coverings:角色，身份：由不同帽子的配戴所代表的角色或职权：〔who〕The traditional rules that determine the use ofwho and whom are relatively simple: who is used for a grammatical subject, where a nominative pronoun such as I or he would be appropriate, andwhom is used elsewhere. Thus, we writeThe actor who played Hamlet was there, sincewho stands for the subject of played Hamlet; andWho do you think is the best candidate? where who stands for the subject of is the best candidate. But we writeTo whom did you give the letter? sincewhom is the object of the preposition to; andThe man whom the papers criticized did not show up, sincewhom is the object of the verb criticized. ? Considerable effort and attention are required to apply the rules correctly in complicated sentences.To produce correctly a sentence such asI met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite, we must anticipate when we writewhom that it will function as the object of the verb extradite, several clauses distant from it.It is thus not surprising that writers from Shakespeare onward should often have interchangedwho and whom. And though the distinction shows no signs of disappearing in formal style,strict adherence to the rules in informal discourse might be taken as evidence that the speaker or writer is paying undue attention to the form of what is said, possibly at the expense of its substance.In speech and informal writingwho tends to predominate over whom; a sentence such asWho did John say he was going to support? will be regarded as quite natural, if strictly incorrect. By contrast, the use ofwhom where who would be required, as inWhom shall I say is calling? may be thought to betray a certain linguistic insecurity. ? When the relative pronoun stands for the object of a preposition that ends a sentence,whom is technically the correct form: the strict grammarian will insist onWhom (not who ) did you give it to? But grammarians since Noah Webster have argued that the excessive formality ofwhom in these cases is at odds with the relative informality associated with the practice of placing the preposition in final position and that the use of who in these cases should be regarded as entirely acceptable. ? The relative pronounwho may be used in restrictive relative clauses, in which case it is not preceded by a comma, or in nonrestrictive clauses, in which case a comma is required.Thus, we may say eitherThe scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized, where the clausewho discovers a cure for cancer indicates which scientist will be immortalized, orThe mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known, where the clausewho solved the four-color theorem adds information about a person already identified by the phrase the mathematician over there. ? Some grammarians have argued that onlywho and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause that identifies a person. This restriction has no basis either in logic or in the usage of the best writers;it is entirely acceptable to write eitherthe man that wanted to talk to you or the man who wanted to talk to you. ? The grammatical rules governing the use ofwho and whom apply equally to whoever and whomever. See Usage Note at else ,that ,whose 确定用法的传统规则who 和 whom 相对简单： who 语法上用作主语，同 I 或 he 等主格代词的位置相同， 而whom 用于别处。 这样，我们写The actor who played Hamlet was there （演哈姆雷特的演员在那边）， 因此who 代表的是 played Hamlet 的主语。 在句子Who do you think is the best candidate? （你认为谁是最好的候选人?）中 who 代表 is the best candidate 的主语。 但是我们说To whom did you give the letter? （你把信给谁了?）， 因为whom 是介词 to 的宾语； 在句子The man whom the papers criticized did not show up, （报纸上批评的那个人没有来）， 因为whom 是动词 criticized 的宾语 。在复杂的句子里，正确应用这些规则需要相当的努力和注意。正确地造出如I met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite （我遇到了政府曾努力让法国引渡的那个人）这样的句子， 在写whom 之前我们必须预知它将作动词 extradite 的宾语， 尽管两个词离得很远。这也就难怪自莎士比亚以来的作家经常把who 和 whom 交换使用了。 尽管在正式文体中两者区别仍然存在，但如果在非正式的交谈中严格地遵守这些规则会被认为说话者或作者可能不顾内容而过分注视说话的形式。在口语和非正式书面语中，who 趋向于代替 whom; 人们会认为象Who did John say he was going to support? （约翰说他将支持谁?）这样句子很自然，尽管严格来说它是不正确的。 相反，在应该用who 的地方用 whom 则显出一种语言上的不稳定， 如Whom shall I say is calling? （我说是谁在打电话?）。 当关系代词替代句尾的介词宾语时，whom 在理论上是正确的形势： 严格的语法坚持Whom （而不是 who ) did you give it to?（你把它给谁了？） 但从诺·韦伯斯特以来的语法学家认为whom 在这种情况下过分正式，而把介词放在句尾相对来说又不正式，这就有了矛盾，所以在这种情况下用 who 完全可以接受。 关系代词who 可以用在限定关系从句中，前面不要加逗号， 也可用在非限定关系从句中，则需要加逗号。所以我们既可以说The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized （发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而不朽）， 在此处从句who discovers a cure for cancer 指这样的科学家将会不朽， 也可以说The mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known （在那边的数学家非常出名，他解决了四色定理）， 从句who solved the four-color theorem 给已经由短语 the mathematician over there 确定了的人增加了一些有关他的信息。 有些语法学家认为只有who 而不是 that 可以连接表示人的限定性关系从句。 这种限制在逻辑上没有根据，在最优秀作家的用法中也未有根据；无论说the man that wanted to talk to you （想要跟你说话的那个人）或 the man who wanted to talk to you 都是完全可以接受的。 有关who 和 whom 的语法规则同样适用于 whoever 和 whomever 参见 else,that,whose〔doubt〕Doubt and doubtful may be followed by clauses introduced by that, whether, or if. The choice among these three is partly guided by the intended meaning of the sentencebut is not cast in stone. Whether normally introduces an indirect questionand is therefore the traditional choice when the subject is in a state of genuine uncertainty about alternative possibilities: Doubt 和 doubtful 后面可以跟由 that，whether， 或 if 引导的从句。 三者之间选哪一个部分地由句子要表达的意义决定的，但其用法并不是固定不变的。 Whether 一般引导一个间接问句，所以当主语所代表的人确实不知如何选择判断时，传统上就用该词： 〔Goldberg〕American jurist and diplomat who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1962-1965) and a U.S. representative to the United Nations (1965-1968).戈德堡，阿瑟·约瑟夫：(1908-1990) 美国法官和外交官，在1962-1965年期间任美国最高法院陪审法官，1965-1968年期间任美国驻联合国代表〔popular〕Of, representing, or carried on by the people at large:大众的：大众的、代表大众的或在大众中流行的：〔quark〕"Three quarks for Muster Mark! / Sure he hasn't got much of a bark / And sure any he has it's all beside the mark.” This passage of James Joyce'sFinnegans Wake is part of a scurrilous 13-line poem directed against King Mark,the cuckolded husband in the Tristan legend.The poem and the accompanying prose are packed with names of birds and words suggestive of birds,and the poem is a squawk,like the cawing of a crow, against King Mark.Thus, Joyce uses the wordquark, which comes from the standard English verbquark, meaning "to caw, croak,” and also from the dialectal verb quawk, meaning"to caw, screech like a bird.” But Joyce'squark was not what it has become: "any of a group of hypothetical subatomic particles proposed as the fundamental units of matter.”Murray Gell-Mann, the physicist who proposed these particles, in a private letter of June 27, 1978, to the editor of theOxford English Dictionary, said that he had actually been influenced by Joyce's word in naming the particle,although the influence was subconscious at first.Gell-Mann was thinking of using the pronunciation (kwôrk) for the particle,possibly something he had picked up fromFinnegans Wake, which he "had perused from time to time since it appeared in 1939. . . . The allusion to three quarks seemed perfect" (originally there were only three subatomic quarks).Gell-Mann, however, wanted to pronounce the word with (ô) not (ä), as Joyce seemed to indicate by rhyming words in the vicinity such asMark. Gell-Mann got around that "by supposing that one ingredient of the line ‘Three quarks for Muster Mark’was a cry of ‘Three quarts for Mister . . . ’ heard in H.C. Earwicker's pub.”冲马克王呱叫三声! / 很显然一声狗吠对他还不够 / 很显然他所有的一切都和盛名无关。 这一段出自詹姆斯·乔伊斯的为芬尼根守灵 ， 是对马克王进行侮辱谩骂的一首十三行诗中的一部分。马克王是特里斯特拉姆传奇故事中被戴了绿帽子的丈夫。这首诗和随同的叙述中充斥着鸟类的名字和暗示鸟类的词。这首诗是对马克王的粗声抗诉，就象乌鸦的啼叫。所以乔伊斯用了quark 一词， 它来源于标准英语动词quark （意思为“呱呱地叫，乌鸦叫”）和方言中的动词 quawk （意思为“象鸟一样呱呱地叫、尖叫”）。 乔伊斯笔下的quark 一词并不是现在形成的意思： “任何一组假想的亚原子粒子，被认为是物质的基本单位”。这些粒子的提出者——物理学家默里·基尔曼在1978年6月27日写给牛津英语词典 编者的一封私人信件中说, 他给这种粒子命名时确实受到了乔伊斯这个词的影响，虽然这种影响起初只是潜意识的。基尔曼本想用(kwôrk)这个发音来代表这种粒子，可能也是从为芬尼根守灵 一书中汲取出来的。 自从1939年这书出版以来，他曾时常精读…关于三声呱叫的暗示看上去很完满（最初只有三种亚原子夸克）。但是基尔曼想让这个词发音为(o)而不是(a)——乔伊斯将韵押为与Mark 相近的音好象表明该发这个音。 基尔曼认为这行诗中的一部分“对马克王呱叫三声”，实际上是在酒店中听到的“给这位先生来三夸脱酒”叫喊声〔planetarium〕An apparatus or a model representing the solar system.太阳系模型，天象模型：代表太阳系的装置或模型〔Smith〕American politician who served as a U.S. representative (1940-1949) and senator (1949-1973) from Maine.史密斯，玛格丽特·蔡斯：(生于 1897) 美国政治家，作为缅因州的代表，1940年至1949年任美国国会众议员，1949至1973年任参议员〔oriflamme〕An inspiring standard or symbol.军旗，旗帜：一种精神的标志或代表〔raid〕The members of an army traveling on a particularroad to carry out a raid probably would not draw a connection between the two words.However,raid and road descend from the same Old English word rād. Theai in raid represents the standard development in the northern dialects of Old English long a, while theoa in road represents the standard development of Old English long a in the rest of the English dialects. Old Englishrād meant "the act of riding" and "the act of riding with a hostile intent; that is, a raid,”senses that no longer exist for our wordroad. It was left to Sir Walter Scott to revive the Scots formraid with the sense "a military expedition on horseback.”The Scots weren't making all the raids, however.Others seem to have returned the favor,for we find these words in the Middle EnglishCoventry Leet Book : "aftur a Rode . . . made uppon the Scottes at thende of this last somer.”The "Rode" was led by the non-Scottish Duke of Gloucester, who was later crowned as Richard III, and Henry Percy, Duke of Northumberland.一支部队的士兵在某条road （路）上行进以发动一场 raid （袭击）， 这大概不会使这两个词之间产生什么联系。然而raid 和 road 这两个词源于古英语中的同一个词 rad 。 Raid 中的 ai 代表了古英语中北部发言中长 a 的标准发展， 而road 中的 oa 代表了其它地区古英语方言中长 a 的发展。 古英语中rad 的意思是“骑马的行动和出于敌意而骑马的行动； 也就是说，一次奇袭，”词意中不再有路 这个意思。 沃尔特·斯科特爵士又恢复了raid 这个词的苏格兰语形式， 其意思是“马上的远征”。然而，奇袭并不只是由苏格兰人发动。别人似乎也保留了对这个词的偏好，因为我们在中世纪英语的考文垂史料 中发现了这段话： “在去年夏末对苏格兰发动的奇袭之后…”。该“奇袭”是由后来被冠以查理三世的格洛斯特的非苏格兰公爵和诺森柏兰的亨利·珀西公爵领导的〔misrepresent〕To serve incorrectly or dishonestly as an official representative of.不称职地代表：作为一名官方代表不正确或不诚实地履行职责〔factitive〕Of or constituting a transitive verb, such aselect, that in some constructions takes an objective complement to modify its direct object. 使役动词的：使役动词的，或组成使役动词的，如elect 在一些结构中代表目的的补语修饰直接宾语 〔critical〕Of, relating to, or characteristic of critics or criticism:批评的：包含、涉及或代表批评家们或批评的：〔agent〕A representative or official of a government or administrative department of a government:执法官，政府代表：政府或政府行政机构的代表或官员：〔large〕councilor-at-large.代表整个地区的议员〔Knox〕American politician who as U.S. attorney general (1901-1904) won the antitrust suit against Northern Securities Company (1904) and later served as a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania (1904-1909 and 1917-1921) and U.S. secretary of state (1909-1913).诺克斯，费兰德·蔡斯：(1853-1921) 美国政治家，在任美国司法部长期间（1901-1904年），在一起反托拉斯诉讼中击败了北方安全公司（1904年），后代表宾夕法尼亚州出任美国参议员（1904-1909年，1917-1921年），并于1909年到1913年任国务卿〔ogham〕An alphabetic system of inscribed notches for vowels and lines for consonants used to write Old Irish, chiefly on the edges of memorial stones, from the fifth to the early seventh century.欧甘文字：V形刻痕代表元音，线形刻痕代表辅音的字母系统。这一字母系统是用以书写古爱尔兰语的，在5世纪至7世纪早期主要刻在纪念石碑的边缘部分〔sample〕An entity that is representative of a class; a specimen.See Synonyms at example 实例，范例：代表一个种类的例子；范例 参见 example〔Roosevelt〕American diplomat, writer, and First Lady of the United States (1933-1945) as the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A delegate to the United Nations (1945-1952 and 1961-1962), she was an outspoken advocate of human rights. Her written works includeThis I Remember (1949). 罗斯福，（安娜）埃莉诺：(1884-1962) 美国外交家、作家和美国第一夫人(1933-1945年），总统弗兰克林·D·罗斯福之妻。作为联合国的一名代表(1945-1952和1961-1962年），她积极提倡人权主义。其作品包括《这我忘不了》 （1949年） 〔epitome〕A representative or an example of a class or type:典型：一类或一群的代表或范例：〔figurative〕Represented by a figure or resemblance; symbolic or emblematic.象征的：用形象或相似物代表的；象征的或典型的〔Randolph〕American politician known for his brilliant oratory and eccentric behavior during his tenure as a U.S. representative (12 terms between 1799 and 1829) and senator (1825-1827) from Virginia.伦道夫，约翰：(1773-1833) 美国政治家，1799年至1829年共担任十二届众议员，1825年至1827年代表弗吉尼亚州当选参议员，其间以他杰出的口才和奇特的举动而著名〔ironic〕though some Panelists noted that this particular usage might be acceptable if Susie had in fact moved to California in order to find a husband,in which case the story could be taken as exemplifying the folly of supposing that we can know what fate has in store for us).By contrast,73 percent accepted the sentence 虽然一些成员注意到如果苏茜搬到加利福尼亚的目的确是为寻找一位丈夫的话，那么这一句的用法还是可以接受的，因为这个故事可视为代表了这样一种愚行，认为我们能够知道命运为我们保留着什么）。与此形成对照的是，百分之七十三的成员接受了下面这句话 〔malapportioned〕Characterized by an inappropriate or unfair proportional distribution of representatives to a legislative body.分配不公的：尤指某个立法机构中的代表分配不均或不公平的〔coupon〕A negotiable certificate attached to a bond that represents a sum of interest due.利息单：证券上的代表一定数目利息的可流通证书〔ironic〕where the incongruity can be seen as an example of human inconsistency.因为此处的前后不一致可被视为代表了人类的反复无常〔logogram〕A written symbol representing an entire spoken word without expressing its pronunciation; for example, for 4 read "four" in English, "quattro" in Italian. Also called ideogram ,logograph 语标，缩记符：一种书写符号，用于代表整个词，而无发音表现；如4在英语中读作"four"，在意大利语中读作"quettro" 也作 ideogram,logograph〔codetermination〕"The codetermination of labor with management, compulsory in large firms here, was applied to universities as well, with governing committees forced to share representation more evenly between professors, junior staff, and students"(Elizabeth Pond)“大公司强制劳动者与管理者共同做决定，也用于大学，由管理委员会在教授、级别较低的工作人员和学生之间更加平均地强行分配代表”(伊丽莎白·庞德)〔Foxe〕English prelate and exponent of Renaissance learning in England. He founded Corpus Christi College at Oxford University (1515-1516).福克斯，理查德：(1448?-1528) 英国高级教士和文艺复兴时期的代表学者。创立了牛津大学基督圣体学院（1515-1516年）〔deputation〕A person or group appointed to represent another or others; a delegation.代理人，代表团：被指定用来代表其他人或团体的人或团体；代表〔dynamics〕(used with a pl. verb)The forces and motions that characterize a system:（与复数动词连用）动态：可代表这种系统的各种力或其运动：〔rebus〕A representation of words in the form of pictures or symbols, often presented as a puzzle.画谜：用画或符号的形式来代表字词，常在谜语中出现〔consensus〕consensus politics; consensus management.代表多数人意见的政纲；代表民意的管理〔Jouhaux〕French politician and labor leader. He won the 1951 Nobel Peace Prize for his international efforts on behalf of workers and unions.茹奥，莱昂：(1879-1954) 法国政治家、工人领袖。因为他在国际上代表工人及工会所作出的努力而获1951年诺贝尔和平奖〔sic〕Thus; so. Used in written texts to indicate that a surprising or paradoxical word, phrase, or fact is not a mistake and is to be read as it stands.原文如此：这样；如此在书面文本中用来指明一个令人奇怪或反论的词、词组或事实，其并非是错误的，而要被理解为它所代表的意义〔avionics〕The avionics on this spacecraft represent a new generation of sophistication.这架航天飞机上的电子设备代表了新一代的复杂水平 |
| 随便看 |
|
英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。