| 单词 | 以免 |
| 释义 | 〔fair〕The history of the wordfair illustrates how words can weaken in meaning over time. In Old English the ancestor offair, fæger, had senses such as "lovely, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable,” a far cry from our modern sense "mildly good or satisfying.”The Old English senses passed into Middle English,where the wordfair started to take a slight turn in the direction already alluded to. Fair could mean "highly to be approved of, splendid, good,”but it could also be used ironically,as in Chaucer's observation after a horse threw the Cook on the pilgrimage to Canterbury:"that was a fair feat of horsemanship by the Cook.”This ironic use was probably not responsible for the semantic weakening offair, but it shows how a positive word can have its meaning reversed.The weakening offair was most likely caused by "the determined optimism which led to the use of fair . . . rather than direct expression of discontent,”in the words of George H. McKnight.One might add as another cause the desire to avoid hurting other people's feelings.单词fair 的历史表明随岁月的流逝单词的语意变弱。 在古英语中fair，f?ger 本意是“可爱的，漂亮的，愉快的”， 与我们现在的“比较好或满意的”大相径庭。古英语传到中世纪英语时，fair 已开始在引申的方向上有微小的转变。 Fair 可以表达“被高度赞许的，辉煌的，好的，”但也可用作反语，如在往坎特伯雷朝圣的途中马将科克摔下时后，乔尔斯评论道：“那是科克精湛骑术的体现”。这种反语用法也许对fair 语义学上的弱化没有联系， 但它表明了一个褒义的单词可以变得意思完全相反。fair 的弱化很大程度上缘于“坚决的乐观主义导致 fair 的用法改变， 而不是直接表达不满意的意思，”乔治赫·马克奈特如此评论。人们可以再添上其它原因以免伤害别人的感情〔stow〕To hide oneself aboard a conveyance in order to obtain free transportation.偷乘，搭白车：将自己藏在某种交通运输工具内以免付票费〔allow〕allow two inches in the fabric for shrinkage.在织物上预留两英寸以免缩水〔Hampton〕An independent city of southeast Virginia opposite Norfolk onHampton Roads, the outlet of three rivers into Chesapeake Bay. Settled by colonists from Jamestown in 1610, the city was sacked by the British in the War of 1812 and was almost burned to the ground by Confederates in 1861 to prevent its occupation by Union troops. Population, 133,793. 汉普顿：美国弗吉尼亚州东南部的一个独立城市，隔汉普顿大道 与诺福克相望，在那儿有三条河相汇并注入切萨皮克湾。该市于1610 年为詹姆斯敦的殖民者所建，在1812年战争中被英军洗劫，并在1861年几乎被南方联邦军队烧为平地，以免落入北方军队之手。人口133,793 〔lest〕tiptoed lest the guard should hear her; anxious lest he become ill.踮起脚趾走路，以免守卫发现她；唯恐他生病而感到焦虑〔indemnify〕To protect against damage, loss, or injury; insure.保护；保障：以免发生破坏、损失或受伤而进行的保护；保障〔apprehension〕"A prudent mind can see room for misgiving, lest he who prospers should one day suffer reverse" (Sophocles). “谨慎的心灵能用忧虑怀疑看待机会，以免一时成功的人某天会遭受不幸” （索弗克斯）〔mudguard〕A shield over or behind a vehicle's wheel to prevent mud or water from splashing onto that vehicle or a following vehicle. Also called splashguard 挡泥板：安装在汽车轮子外面或后面的保护板，以免泥或水溅入汽车内和溅上后面的汽车 也作 splashguard〔stowaway〕A person who hides aboard a ship or other conveyance in order to obtain free passage.无票偷乘者：藏于轮船或其他交通工具内以免付票费的人〔gasket〕Any of a wide variety of seals or packings used between matched machine parts or around pipe joints to prevent the escape of a gas or fluid.圆形或带形填塞物：各种各样的填充物或包装物的一种，安于已装配的机器部件之间或管道接通处周围，以免气体或液体泄漏 |
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