| 单词 | 以前 |
| 释义 | 〔evanesce〕ē-, ex- [ex-] ē-, ex- [表示以前的，前任的] 〔tension〕working under great tension to make a deadline.为赶在最后期限以前完成工作而在巨大压力下工作〔Marche〕A historical region and former province of central France. So called because of its location as a northern border fief of the duchy of Aquitaine, it became part of the French crown lands in 1531.马希：法国历史上中部的一个地区，是一个以前的省份。它这么叫是因为它原是阿基泰恩公爵领地中北部边界的一块封地。它于1531年成为法国王室土地的一部分〔shire〕A former administrative division of Great Britain, equivalent to a county.（英国以前的）郡：大不列颠以前的一种行政单位，相当于一个县〔silent〕"She had been shy and reticent with me, and now . . . she was telling me aloud the secrets of her inmost heart" (W.H. Hudson).“她以前和我在一起时很害羞，又沉默寡言，但是现在却大声地对我说出了她最内心的秘密” （W·H· 哈得孙）。〔heretofore〕Up to the present time; before this; previously.直到此时：迄今为止；在这以前；以前〔contrast〕My new school was a welcome contrast to the one before.我的新学校比以前的好多了〔athlete〕Athletes who believe that winning is the most important aspect of athletics have etymological support for their view,even if the way one plays the game is more important than winning a prize.The wordathlete may ultimately go back to the Greek word athlos, "contest, especially a contest for a prize.” Two other possible sources areathlon, "prize won in a contest,” and .athleus, "one who competes.” The Greek wordathlētēs, derived from at least one of these sources, meant "combatant, champion,” and was used especially for competitors in games.Our wordathlete, borrowed from Greek by way of Latin, is first recorded in Middle English (possibly before 1425) with reference to wrestlers.那些坚信体育比赛中取胜是最重要一面的运动员，有词源学根据来支持他们的观点，甚至参加运动的方式比获取奖品更重要。athlete 这个单词可以最终追溯到希腊单词 athlos “比赛， 尤指为获取奖品的竞赛。”另外两个可能的词源是athlon “体育竞赛中获得的奖品”和 athleus “参加体育竞赛的人”。 athletes 这个希腊单词至少从这些词源之一发展而来，意思是“竞技者、冠军”， 尤其用来指体育比赛中的竞技者。这个词athlete 通过拉丁语从希腊语中借用， 最早记录于中世纪英语（大约在1425年以前），用来指摔跤运动〔spinoff〕Something derived from an earlier work, such as a television show starring a character who had a popular minor role in another show.派生作品：从以前的作品中派生出来的作品，例如由另一部电视剧中受人欢迎的配角任主角的电视剧〔sister〕The daughter of a person's stepparent by a previous marriage; a stepsister.异父异母的姐妹：某人继父或继母以前婚姻所生的女儿；继姐妹〔hereinbefore〕In a preceding part of this document, statement, or book.在上文：在本文件、声明或书的以前的部分〔Valencia〕also [bä-lĕnʹthyä] A region and former kingdom of eastern Spain on the Mediterranean coast south of Catalonia. Inhabited by Iberian peoples in early times, it was colonized by Greek and Carthaginian traders and fell to the Moors in the eighth century. The Cid ruled the region and the city of Valencia from 1094 until his death in 1099. 也作 [bä-lĕnʹthyä] 巴伦西亚：西班牙东部的一个地区和以前的王国，位于卡特罗尼亚以南的地中海海岸线上，早期由伊比利亚人定居于此，希腊人和迦太基商人将其变成殖民地并于8世纪落入摩尔人手中，熙德从1094年直至其在1099年死亡一直统治着这个地区和巴伦西亚城市〔rehearse〕To practice something, such as a speech, before presenting it publicly.公开练习：在公众面前公开以前练习某事物，如讲演〔Saipan〕An island of the western Pacific Ocean in the southern Mariana Islands. It is part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and was held by Spain, Germany, and Japan before being captured by U.S. troops in July 1944 during World War II.塞班岛：西太平洋上马里亚纳群岛南部的一个岛屿。是美属太平洋岛屿托管地中的一部分，二次世界大战期间被美国占领以前先后被西班牙、德国和日本控制〔volley〕A shot, especially in tennis, made by striking the ball before it touches the ground.截击空中球：尤指在网球中球落地以前击球〔Kent〕A region and former kingdom of southeast England. Jutes settled in the area in the fifth centurya.d. , displacing the original inhabitants and establishing one of the seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Converted to Christianity in 597, the people of Kent later became subject to the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex. 肯特郡：英格兰东南部一区和以前的王国。公元 5世纪朱特人在此定居，赶走了原有居民并建立了盎格鲁-撒克逊七王国中的一个。597年，肯特郡人皈依基督教，后来成为麦西亚王国和西塞克斯王国的臣民 〔shogun〕The hereditary commander of the Japanese army who until 1867 exercised absolute rule under the nominal leadership of the emperor.幕府将军：日本军队世袭的领导者，在1867年以前他有绝对的权力，在名义上他接受天皇的领导〔ghetto〕A section or quarter in a European city to which Jews were formerly restricted.犹太人区，犹太人街：欧洲城市中以前犹太人被限制的地区〔Candia〕A name used by Italian colonizers (13th-17th century) for the island of Crete.克里特岛：意大利殖民者以前（13至17世纪）给克里特岛所起的名字〔erudite〕One might like to beerudite but hesitate to berude. This preference is supported by the etymological relationship betweenerudite and rude. Erudite comes from the Latin adjectiveērudītus, "well-instructed, learned,” from the past participle of the verbērudīre, "to educate, train.” The verb is in turn formed from the prefixex-, "out, out of,” and the adjective rudis, "untaught, untrained,” the source of our word rude. The English worderudite is first recorded in a work possibly written before 1425 with the senses "instructed, learned.”Erudite meaning "learned" is supposed to have become rare except in sarcastic use, at least during the latter part of the 19th century, but the word now seems to have been restored to favor.一个人想成为erudite （博学的）， 但却犹豫会成为rude （粗鲁的）。 这个优先选择可以由erudite 和 rede这两个词在语源学上的关系得出。 Erudite 源于拉丁语的形容词eruditus ，指“受过良好教育的、博学的，” 来源于动词erudire 的过去分词，指“教育、训练”。 这个动词反过来由前缀ex- ，（表示“出、离开”）和形容词 rudis 意为“没受教育的，没受训练的”组成，它又是现代词 rude 的来源。 英语单词erudite 最早记录于大约写在1425年以前的一本著作中， 那时意思是“受教育的、博学的”。至少在19世纪后半期，Erudite 意思为“博学的”，除了讽刺的用法外已经很少被人所用， 但是现在这个单词好象又逐渐被人们使用起来〔Tadzhikistan〕A historical region of south-central Asia bordering on Afghanistan and China. It was settled by the Tajik by the 10th century and conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century. The region was acquired by Russia in 1895.塔吉克斯坦：亚洲中南部的一个历史地区，与阿富汗和中国接壤。塔吉克人在10世纪以前在这个地区定居，在13世纪它被蒙古人征服。该地区于1895年归入俄国〔palanquin〕A covered litter carried on poles on the shoulders of two or four men, formerly used in eastern Asia.轿子：用杆抬的一种封闭的担架，两个或四个人肩上抬，以前用于东亚〔Onondaga〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting the eastern Finger Lakes region of west-central New York, with present-day populations in this same area and in southeast Ontario. The Onondaga are one of the original members of the Iroquois confederacy.奥农达加族：以前居住在纽约中西部、芬加湖东部的一个美国土著民族，现在仍居住在这里和安大略的东南部。此民族是易落魁联盟的原始成员之一〔cerate〕A hard, unctuous, fat- or wax-based solid, sometimes medicated, formerly applied to the skin directly or on dressings.蜡膏，蜡剂：一种油质、油性或蜡质的坚硬固体，有时加药剂，以前常直接用皮肤上或敷于药膏上〔osteoid〕The bone matrix, especially before calcification.类骨质：骨基质，尤指钙化以前的骨基质〔bad〕"The unconscious is not just evil by nature, it is also the source of the highest good" (Carl Jung). “无意识不仅仅是本性邪恶，而且是以前错误和羞愧的来源” （卡尔·荣格）。〔tin〕The history of the wordtin may take us back to a time before Europe had been settled by speakers of Indo-European languages, such as the Germanic and Celtic languages. Related words for this metal are found in almost all Germanic languages,such as GermanZinn, Swedish tenn, and Old English tin (as in Modern English), but no other Indo-European language family has such a word.The word may have been borrowed into the Germanic languages from a pre-Indo-European language of Western Europe.Such borrowing is supported by the factthat during the Bronze Age the Near East imported most of its tin and copper from Europe, where the metals were produced and metal objects were manufactured.Lest we be too amazed by this accomplishment,we might remember another remarkable achievement of pre-Indo-European society, the construction of huge megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge.单词tin 的历史可以把我们带回讲印欧语系语言（如日耳曼和凯尔特语）的民族在欧洲定居以前的那个时代。 在几乎所有的日耳曼语言中都可以找到指称这种金属的相关词，如德语中的zinn ，瑞典语中的 tenn 以及古代英语中的 tin （与现代英语一样）， 但是其它印欧语系语言中都没有这样的一个词。这个词可能是从西欧的前印欧语系语言借入日耳曼语的。这种转借是有据可依的，因为在青铜时代近东地区的大多数锡和铜都是从生产金属和金属器具的欧洲输入的。我们可能对当时欧洲的这种成就感到惊异，但是如果我们想到前印欧语系社会的另一个杰出成就——大型巨石纪念碑，如巨石阵的建造，我们就不会感到那么奇怪了〔saurian〕Any of various reptiles of the suborder Sauria, which includes the lizards and in former classifications also the crocodiles and dinosaurs.蜥蜴：任一种蜥蜴目爬行动物，包括蜥蜴，在以前分类中还包括鳄鱼和恐龙〔alumnus〕A male graduate or former student of a school, college, or university.男毕业生，男校友：学校，学院或大学的男毕业生或以前的学生〔ream〕A quantity of paper, formerly 480 sheets, now 500 sheets or, in a printer's ream, 516 sheets.令：纸张的一种计数单位，以前以480张为一令，现在以500张为一令，而印刷中的一令为516张〔prison〕The wordprison has its origins not in the notions of what such a place is but rather in the notion of how one gets there. Prison can be traced back to the Latin word prēnsiō, "the action or power of making an arrest.” This in turn is derived from the verbprehendere or prendere, which meant "to take hold of, take into custody, arrest.”Prēnsiō then dives into the obscurity of the time when Romance languages such as French were being formed from Vulgar Latin and resurfaces in the Old French of the 12th century with the formprison and the senses "capture" and "place of imprisonment.”This new sense could have already been developed in Latinand not been recorded,but we have to wait until the 12th century to see it,the sense "captivity" being added in the same century.From Old French as well as the Medieval Latin wordpriso, "prison,” derived from Old French, came our Middle English word prisoun, first recorded in a work written before 1121in the sense "imprisonment.”The sense "place of imprisonment" is recorded shortly afterward in a text copied down before 1225but perhaps actually written in the Old English period before the Norman Conquest.Prison 这个单词的来源不在于它是一个什么样的地方而在于一个人是怎么进去的。 Prison 可追溯到意思是“进行逮捕的行动或力量”的拉丁词 prensio。 这个词也是从动词prehendere 或 prendere 派生出来的， 意思是“捉住，逮捕，拘留。”Prensio 这个词在罗马语系中的语言（如法语）逐渐从通俗拉丁语形成时被人们忘却了， 12世纪又以prison 的形式在古法语中重新露面， 其含义是“捉住”和“囚禁人的地方。”这个新的含义很可能在拉丁语中已得到了发展，只是没有被记录下来，但是我们直到12世纪才看到它，在同一世纪“囚禁，俘虏”的意思被加了进去。从古法语、同时也是从源于古法语的中世纪拉丁语词priso “监狱，监禁”中产生了中古英语单词 prison， 这个词最早的记录是在一部著于1121年的作品中，意思是“监禁，拘留。”“监禁或囚禁的地方”这层意思在稍后出现的、在1225年以前被抄录下来的一篇文章中出现，但可能实际写作的时间是在诺曼征服之前的古英语时期〔hide〕"On previously cloaked issues, the Soviets have suddenly become forthcoming" (John McLaughlin).See also Synonyms at block “对以前遮遮掩掩的问题苏联突然变得乐意合作” （约翰·麦克劳林） 参见同义词 block〔menu〕An enormous menu might be considered an oxymoronif one were to restrict the word etymologically.Menu can be traced back to the Latin word minūtus, meaning "small in size, amount, or degree"and also "possessing or involving minute knowledge.”Latinminūtus became Old French menut and Modern French menu, "small, fine, trifling, minute.” The French adjective came to be used as a nounwith the sense of "detail, details collectively,” and "detailed list.”As such, it was used in the phrasemenu de repas, "list of items of a meal,” which was shortened tomenu. This word was borrowed into English,being first recorded in 1837.The French word had been borrowed before,perhaps only briefly,as a shortening of the French phrasemenu peuple, "the common people.” This usage, however, is recorded in only one text, in 1658.“一个庞大的菜单”这一说法可能会被看成是一种矛盾的修辞法，如果人们从语源学角度对这个词进行限制的话。Menu 这个词的词源可上溯到拉丁词 minutus， 意为“尺寸、数量或程度小的”，或者“具备或涉及到精细知识的。”这个拉丁词minutus 而后又成为古法语单词 menut 和现代法语单词 menu， 意为“小的、精巧的、琐碎的、详细的。” 这个法语形容词逐渐被用作名词，意为“细节、诸多细节”及“详细的名单”。就这样，它被用于词组menu de repas， 意为“一张菜肴明细单”， 后来这个词组又被简略为menu。 这个简略词被引入英语中，最早出现于1837年。这个法语单词以前也曾被英语借用过，但也许只用了很短一段时间，而且是作为意为“普通民众”的法语词组menu peuple 的简略词。 然而这一用法仅在1658年的一篇文章中出现过〔idea〕"Every succeeding scientific discovery makes greater nonsense of old-time conceptions of sovereignty" (Anthony Eden).“每一次成功的科学发现都使以前牢不可破的传统观念变得更为一文不值” （安东尼·伊顿）〔cast〕To veer to leeward from a former course; fall off.转至下风，向下风：从以前的航向转向下风处；偏向下风〔volley〕The flight of a ball before it touches the ground:凌空球：球触地以前的飞行：〔bey〕Used formerly as a title for various Turkish and Egyptian dignitaries.省督：以前用于各种土耳其和埃及的高职位者的头衔〔holland〕after Holand (Holland), a former province of the Netherlands 源自 霍兰德 （荷兰），荷兰以前的一个省 〔creosote〕A colorless to yellowish oily liquid containing phenols and creosols, obtained by the destructive distillation of wood tar, especially from the wood of a beech, and formerly used as an expectorant in treating chronic bronchitis.杂酚：一种含有酚混合物的无色到黄色油状液体，可由木焦油（特别是山毛木焦油）干馏而得，以前被用作治疗慢性支气管炎的祛痰剂〔slip〕To decline from a former or standard level; fall off.下跌，滑落：从以前的或正常的水平下降；跌落 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。