| 单词 | 以外 |
| 释义 | 〔yonder〕The adverbyonder, from Old English geond, is not exclusively Southern but is more frequently used there than in any other region of the United States,and not only by older or uneducated speakers.Yonder is not merely a Southern synonym for there, which in the South tends to mean "only a few feet from the speaker.”Yonder carries with it an inherent sense of distance farther than "there" and is used if the person or thing indicated can be seen at all: the shed over yonder. Or it might be nearby but completely out of sight, as in the next room.副词yonder ，来自古英语的 geond， 并不是南方专用的，但是比美国任何其它地区都更常用，而且也不仅仅是老人或未受教育者才用它。在南方yonder 并不仅仅是 there 的同义词， 它还表示“距说话者仅几英尺开外”。Yonder 带有比"there"距离更远这一内在的含义， 并用于表示所示的人或事在视线以内： 那边的窝棚 ，或者极为相近但完全在视线以外，如在另一个房间内〔but〕No one but she saw the prowler.除了她以外没有一个人看见那个行窃者〔shrapnel〕Henry Shrapnel received no compensation for the invention named after him other than having his name live on in connection with it.This deadly artillery shell, invented by Shrapnel, a British artillery officer, in his spare time and at his own expense,was given its first test in South America during the British seizure of part of Suriname (1799-1802),but shrapnel came into its own during the Peninsular War (1808-1814) between Great Britain, Spanish guerrillas, Portugal, and Napoleonic France.Shrapnel's shell was first officially called thespherical case shot, but it seems that early on it was called theshrapnel shell as well (first recorded in 1806), and this was the name eventually adopted by the British army.The wordshrapnel came to be used by itself as a collective noun, and even though the shrapnel shell is no longer used,people have for some time (first recorded in 1940) called the fragments from a shell, mine, or bombshrapnel, thus ensuring the continued existence, if not the immortality, of Henry Shrapnel's name.亨利·宣普纳因这种以其名字命名的发明，除了他的名字跟这种发明联系在一起以外他一无所获。宣普纳是一位英国炮兵军官，这种致命的武器是他在闲暇时间自筹经费发明的。它的首次试用是在南美洲英国占领部分苏里南领土期间（1799-1802年）进行的，但在大布列颠、西班牙游击队、葡萄牙及拿破仑统治下的法国几方之间进行的半岛战争期间（1804-1814年），榴霰弹开始使用。一开始宣普纳的这种炮弹被官方称作霰弹 。 但这之前似乎被称为shrapnel shell （最早记录于1806年）。 这一名字最终被英国陆军采用。shrapnel 一词被用作一集合名词， 虽然榴霰弹已不再使用了，但有一段时期人们把弹丸、地雷或炸弹的碎片也称为shrapnel （最早记录于1940年）， 这样就确保了亨利·宣普纳的名字得以继续存在，即使不能永存的话〔faldstool〕A folding chair or stool, especially one used by a bishop when not occupying the throne or when presiding away from the cathedral.折叠椅：可折叠的椅子或凳子，特指主教离开主教座或他的主教座堂以外主持圣事时使用的〔include〕This restriction is too strong.Include does not rule out the possibility of a complete listing. Thus the sentenceThe bibliography should include all the journal articles you have used does not entail that the bibliography must contain something other than journal articles, though it does leave that possibility open.When one wants to make clear that the listing is exhaustive, however,the use ofcomprise or consist of will avoid ambiguity. Thus the sentenceThe task force includes all of the Navy units on active duty in the region allows for the possibility that Marine and Army units are also taking part, where the same sentence withcomprise would entail that the task force contained only Navy forces. See Usage Note at comprise 这限制太严格了。Include 也可能指全部组成部分均已列出。 据此，尽管下面这句话参考文献应包括你所引用的所有的新闻文章 并不意味着必须含有除新闻文章以外的东西， 但是的确有这种可能性。所以，如果想要表明包括的内容是全部的，使用comprise 和 consist of 就可避免混淆。 如此下面这句话特遣部队包括所有在该地区活动执勤的海军部队 就带有海军陆战队和陆军部队也参加的可能性， 而同样的句子如果用comprise 就表示任务小组必须只由海军部队组成 参见 comprise〔province〕Any of various lands outside Italy conquered by the Romans and administered by them as self-contained units.行省：各种在意大利以外被罗马人征服的并作为自足的单位由他们管理的土地〔olicook〕Originally brought to the Hudson Valley of New York by settlers from the Netherlands, a few items of Dutch vocabulary have survived there from colonial times until the present.The wordolicook, meaning "doughnut,” comes from Dutcholiekoek —literally, "oil cake.” And the Dutch wordkill for a small running stream is used throughout New York State. Stoop, "a small porch,” comes from Dutchstoep; this word is now in general use in the Northeast and beyond.开始是由荷兰裔的定居者将荷兰语的一些词汇带到纽约州的哈得逊河流域，而这些词从殖民时代一直到现在一直被使用。单词olicook 的意思是“炸面圈”， 它源于荷兰语的oliekoek ——字面意思是油炸饼。 而在荷兰语中指一条流动的小溪的词kill ，在美国纽约州广泛使用。 stoop 即“小火把”， 源自荷兰语stoep 。 这个词在美国东北及以外地区被广泛使用。〔nothing〕Nothing but roses meets (not meet ) the eye. 除了玫瑰以外没有什么（而不用 meet ) 可以引起注意。 〔rhinestone〕Although rhinestones are inseparably associated with the costumes of country and western singers and Las Vegas showgirls,the word originally had European associations.The Rhine inrhinestone is the Rhine River, andrhinestone is a translation into English of the French phrase caillou du Rhin. Originally a rhinestone was a kind of rock crystal that was found in or near the Rhine and given a fancy name, as have other types of rock crystal such as Cornish diamond.Such stones could be made to imitate diamonds;hence the namerhinestone was applied to artificial gems made from paste, glass, or gem quartz. Rhinestones have spread far beyond the Rhine,becoming a central ingredient of certain aspects of Americana.Cornish diamonds have not shared the same fate.虽然莱茵石与乡村服装，西部歌手及拉斯维加斯的歌舞女郎联系紧密，但这个单词最初与欧洲有联系。单词rhinestong（莱茵石） 中的Rhine指莱茵河， 而rhinestone 是由法语短语 caillou du Rhin 翻译成英语的。 莱茵石最初是一种在莱茵河中或附近发现的天然透明石英石，并如同其它类型天然透明石英石，例如康沃尔钻石那样被赋予了一个新奇的名字。这样的石头能被用来仿造钻石；因而名称rhinestone（莱茵石） 便用于由含铅玻璃、玻璃或宝石石英制成的人造宝石。 莱茵石已遍及莱茵河以外，成为美国某些外观的重要组成部分。而康沃尔钻石则没有同样的命运〔short〕Other than; without resorting to:除…以外；没有诉诸于：〔Skivvies〕"The venerable white-underwear company . . . had dabbled in socks, sweats, and fashion skivvies"(Advertising Age)"About 500 yards away, on three destroyers snubbed up to the dock, men were clambering on the deck in their skivvies"(Smithsonian)“令人崇尚的白色内衣公司…已经涉足袜子、汗衫和时髦男式圆领衫”(广告时代)“大约500码以外，在三艘挽桩滞缆在船码头的驱逐舰上，穿着圆顶衫的男人们正在攀上甲板”(史密森)〔outrage〕from outre [beyond] * see outré 源自 outre [在…之外，除…以外] * 参见 outré〔conventional〕Using means other than nuclear weapons or energy:常规的：使用核武器或核能以外手段的：〔tail〕The posterior part of an animal, especially when elongated and extending beyond the trunk or main part of the body.尾：一个动物的后部，尤指当这部分呈细长状并伸至躯干或身体的主要部分以外时〔takeout〕Selling or intended for the sale of food products to be consumed off the premises:外卖的：卖或计划卖在经营场所以外食用的食品的：〔perichondrium〕The fibrous membrane of connective tissue covering the surface of cartilage except at the endings of joints.软骨膜：包在软骨外的除关节软骨以外纤维结缔组织膜〔takeout〕Intended to be eaten off the premises:外卖的：准备在经营场所以外吃的：〔away〕The city is miles away. The game was still a week away.这个城市在几英里以外。离比赛还有一星期〔transmundane〕Existing or extending beyond the physical world.超俗的：在物质世界以外存在的或超越物质世界的〔wingback〕A back positioned on offense behind or outside of an end.助攻边卫：在边锋后边或以外采取进攻的后卫〔Eurodollar〕A U.S. dollar on deposit with a bank abroad, especially in Europe.欧洲美元：存储在美国以外，特别是欧洲银行的美元〔sapphire〕A clear, hard variety of corundum used as a gemstone that is usually blue but may be any color except red.蓝宝石：一种透明的坚硬钢玉，用作宝石，通常为蓝色，但也可能是除红色以外其它任何颜色〔but〕Traditional grammarians have worried over what form the pronoun ought to take whenbut is used to indicate an exception in sentences such as No one but I (or No one but me ) has read it. Some have argued thatbut is a conjunction in these sentences and therefore should be followed by the nominative formI. However, many of these grammarians have gone on to argue somewhat inconsistentlythat the accusative formme is appropriate when the but phrase occurs at the end of a sentence, as inNo one has read it but me. While this treatment of the construction has a considerable weight of precedent on its sideand cannot be regarded as incorrect,a strong case can be made on grammatical grounds for treating this use ofbut as a preposition. For one thing, ifbut were truly a conjunction here, we would expect the verb to agree in person and number with the noun or pronoun followingbut; we would then sayNo one but the students have read it. What is more, ifbut were a true conjunction here we would not expect that it could be moved to the end of a clause, as inNo one has read it but the students. Note that we cannot use the conjunctionand in a similar way, saying John left and everyone else in the class in place of John and everyone else in the class left. These observations suggest thatbut is best considered as a preposition here and followed by accusative forms such asme and them in all positions: No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me. These recommendations are supported by 73 percent of the Usage Panel when thebut phrase precedes the verb and by 93 percent when thebut phrase follows the verb. · But is redundant when used together with however, as in But the army, however, went on with its plans; one or the other word should be eliminated. ·But is generally not followed by a comma. Correct written style requiresKim wanted to go, but we stayed, not Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed. · But may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style. See Usage Note at and ,cannot ,doubt ,however ,I 1传统的语法学家考虑当but 用于表示例外的意思时应该用什么形式的代词，比如 No one but I （或者 No one but me ) has read it 。 有人认为but 在这种句子中是个连词， 因此应该使用主格I。 然而许多语法学家接下来的讨论有些不一致，即当but 短语出现在句子末尾时用宾格 me 比较合适， 如No one has read it but me（除我以外没有人读过它）。 同时这种结构前置处理的重要性是值得考虑的，并且不会被认为是不正确的，一个有力的例子在语法范畴内，认为but 在这里作介词使用。 首先如果but 在此真是一个连词的话， 我们会期望同名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致的动词跟在but 后面； 我们会说No one but the students have read it（除学生以外没有人读过它）。 再者，如果but 在此真是连词的话，我们不希望它被放在句子末尾， 如在句子No one has read it but the students 中。 注意我们不以类似的方式来使用连词and ，说 John left and everyone else in the class 来代替 John and everyone else in the class left。 这些发现表明but 在此最好被当作介词， 在任何位置后面都应跟宾格形式如me 和 them ： No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me（除了我没人读过它）。 当but 短语放在动词之前时，有百分之七十三的用法专题使用小组成员支持这些提议； 而当but 短语放在动词之后时，得到百分之九十三的小组成员的支持。 But 在同 however 一起使用时是多余的，如 But the army, however, went on with its plans； 这两个词必须去掉其中一个。But 通常后面不加逗号。 正确的写法是Kim wanted to go, but we stayed, 而不是 Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed 。 But 可以放在所有文体标准的句子开头 参见 and,cannot,doubt,however,I1〔therewith〕In addition to that.此外：除那以外〔priestess〕A woman who presides over especially pagan rites.女祭司：指专门主持，基督教以外宗教仪式的女人〔supernatural〕Of or relating to existence outside the natural world.超自然的：存在于自然世界以外的，与自然世界以外有关的〔hike〕To sit facing the sail and lean far backward and over the side of a small boat in order to keep the craft flat in the water.为保持小船在水中平稳，面向船帆而坐，身体尽量后仰，至船舷以外〔academic〕Scholarly to the point of being unaware of the outside world.See Synonyms at pedantic 学究式的，迂腐的：除学术方面以外对外界毫无知觉 参见 pedantic〔piece〕Any one of the chess figures other than a pawn.卒以外的棋子：象棋子中除卒以外的任一个棋子〔niblick〕An iron-headed golf club with the face slanted at a greater angle than any other iron except a wedge; a nine iron.铁头高尔夫球棍：一种铁头的高尔夫球棍，有比除了楔子以外任何铁器倾斜度更大的斜面；九号球杆〔perquisite〕A payment or profit received in addition to a regular wage or salary, especially a benefit expected as one's due.See Synonyms at right 额外收入，额外利益，津贴：除正常的工资或薪水以外，收到的报酬或利润，尤指某人期望得到的应得利益 参见 right〔externalize〕To manifest externally:以外因说明：表面上的证明：〔rhetoric〕The wordrhetoric was once primarily the name of an important branch of philosophy and an art deserving of serious study. In recent yearsthe word has come to be used chiefly in a pejorative senseto refer to inflated language and pomposity.Deprecation of the term may result from a modern linguistic puritanism,which holds that language used in legitimate persuasion should be plainand free of artifice—itself a tendentious rhetorical doctrine,though not often recognized as such.But many writers still prefer to bear in mind the traditional meanings of the word.Thus, according to the newer use of the term,the phraseempty rhetoric, as in The politicians talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric, might be construed as redundant. But in fact only 35 percent of the Usage Panel judged this example to be redundant.Presumably, it can be maintained that rhetoric can be other than empty.单词rhetoric 曾主要是哲学的一个重要分支的和一种值得严肃研究的艺术的名称。 近年来，这个词已开始主要用于贬义，指夸大的语言和虚夸。这个词的改变可能源于一种现代语言的刻板做法，认为用于正当劝说中的语言应是朴素，没有人工雕饰的——它自身便是一种宣传性的修辞教条，虽然未常常被如此认为。但许多作家仍愿意记住这个词的传统含义。这样，根据这个词较新的含义，在The politician talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric 中，短语 empty rhetoric 可能被分析为多余的。 但事实上，用法委员会成员中只有百分之三十五的人认为在这个例子中是多余的。大概该词除了空的以外还有其他的意思吧〔premium〕The amount paid, often in addition to the interest, to obtain a loan.See Synonyms at bonus 借贷性酬金：为了得到贷款而常在利息以外加付的钱数 参见 bonus〔gofer〕An employee who runs errands in addition to performing regular duties.听差：除了做完本职工作以外替人跑差使的雇员〔skewbald〕Having spots or patches of white on a coat of a color other than black:花斑的：在一外表除了黑色以外还有白色斑点或小块的：〔Santayana〕Spanish-born American philosopher and writer primarily known for his theories of aesthetics, morality, and the spiritual life. In addition to his philosophical works, such as the four-volumeRealms of Being (1927-1940), he wrote poetry and a novel, The Last Puritan (1935). 桑塔亚那，乔治：(1863-1952) 西班牙裔美国哲学家和作家，主要以其关于美学、道德、精神生活的理论著作出名。除他的哲学著作以外，如四卷的《存在的王国》 （1927-1940年），他还写诗和小说，如 《最后一个清教徒》 （1935年） 〔transeunt〕Productive of effects outside the mind.外在的：由心灵以外作用产生的 |
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