| 单词 | 企图 |
| 释义 | 〔ax〕To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means "to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title "Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because "Poor Robert" was confused with "Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce ("Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances")and George Bernard Shaw ("distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind") attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为"poor Robert和"poor Richard"易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的〔burglary〕The act of entering a building or other premises with the intent to commit theft.盗窃行为：进入建筑物或其它房屋内企图偷窃的行为〔embraceor〕One guilty of attempting to influence a court illegally.企图非法左右法庭的人〔blind〕Something intended to conceal the true nature, especially of an activity; a subterfuge.挡箭牌：企图掩盖本质，尤指某活动的真实性质的事物；狡猾的逃避手段〔defense〕To attempt to stop (the opposition) from scoring.企图阻止（对方）进球得分〔Laud〕English prelate who as archbishop of Canterbury (1633-1645) was a strident supporter of Charles I and absolutism in church and state. His attempts to impose High Church doctrine on Protestants in Scotland and England led to his imprisonment and execution for treason by Parliament.劳德，威廉：(1573-1645) 英国高级教士，在他担任坎特伯雷大主教期间(1633-1645年）曾是查理一世的忠诚支持者，是宗教上和政治上的专制主义者。他企图把高教派教义强加给苏格兰和英格兰新教徒的尝试把他送进了牢狱，并以背叛国会罪被处死〔deindustrialize〕After World War I the Allies attempted to deindustrialize Germany.第一次世界大战后，同盟国企图瓦解德国的工业〔blatant〕a blatant attempt to whitewash his country's misdeeds.Flagrant, 掩盖他所在国家的罪行的无耻企图。Flagrant 〔smear〕An attempt to destroy a reputation; vilification or slander.诽谤，诋毁：毁坏名誉的企图；污蔑或诽谤〔reckless〕One of the hostages was foolhardy enough to try to wrest the gun from the hijacker's hand.有一个人质莽撞地企图去夺劫机者手中的枪。〔jostle〕To pick or try to pick the pocket of.扒窃：对…扒窃或企图对…扒窃〔Decembrist〕A participant in the unsuccessful conspiracy to overthrow Czar Nicholas I of Russia in December 1825.俄国十二月党人：1825年12月企图推翻沙皇尼古拉一世未遂的武装起义者〔ostrich〕One who tries to avoid disagreeable situations by refusing to face them.鸵鸟般回避现实的人：企图靠拒绝面对现实来躲避不利情况的人〔set〕To behave or perform in a way that others try to emulate.做榜样：以其它人企图超越的方式行动或做事〔Virginia〕A state of the eastern United States on Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. It was admitted as one of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1788. Early colonizing attempts (1584-1587) by Sir Walter Raleigh failed, but in 1607 colonists dispatched by the London Company established the first permanent settlement at Jamestown (May 13). Virginia was a prime force in the move for independence and was the site of Lord Cornwallis's surrender in 1781. Virginia seceded in April 1861 and was the scene of many major battles during the Civil War, including the final campaigns that led to the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee. Richmond is the capital and Norfolk the largest city. Population, 6,216,568.弗吉尼亚：美国东部的一个州，临近切萨皮克湾和大西洋。1788年成为首批13个殖民地之一。早期(1584年-1587年）沃特尔·雷利的殖民企图以失败告终，但在1607年，由伦敦公司派遣的殖民者第一次在詹姆斯敦设立了永久据点(5月13日）。弗吉尼亚是独立运动中的主要力量，并是1781年康华里勋爵的投降地点。弗吉利亚在1861年从联邦中脱离，成为内战中许多主要战争的战场，其中包括导致罗伯特·E·李将军投降的最后战役。首府为里士满，诺福克为最大城市。人口6,216,568〔absurdism〕A philosophy, often translated into art forms, holding that human beings exist in a meaningless, irrational universe and that any search for order by them will bring them into direct conflict with this universe:荒诞主义：常用艺术形式表现的一种哲学，认为人类生存的世界是无意义、非理性的， 而人类任何寻求秩序的企图都会导致与这个世界的直接冲突：〔Hayes〕The 19th President of the United States (1877-1881). Winning the controversial election of 1876 by one electoral vote, he pacified the South by removing federal troops (1877), vetoed a bill restricting Chinese immigration (1879), and stemmed a congressional attempt to weaken the presidency.海斯，卢瑟福·彼尔查德：(1822-1893) 美国第十九任总统(1877-1881年），1876年通过一次选举拉票获得了有争议的胜利，1877年撤走联邦军队以安抚南方，1879年否决了一项限制中国移民的提案并遏止了国会削弱总统权力的企图〔design〕Deliberate intention:企图，意图：精心的计划：〔smear〕To stain or attempt to destroy the reputation of; vilify:污蔑，诋毁：玷污或企图毁掉某人的名誉；诽谤：〔fight〕To attempt to harm or gain power over an adversary by blows or with weapons.搏斗，战斗：企图通过打击或用武力伤害敌人或从敌人那里夺权〔desensitize〕"The successive assassinations and attempts, not just on Presidential figures but on Martin Luther King Jr. and others, have desensitized us"(Anthony Lewis)“不仅仅是对总统级的人物，而且有对马丁·路德和其他人的连续的暗杀或企图，使我们变得冷漠麻木了”(安东尼·刘易斯)〔fight〕To try to prevent the development or success of.阻止：企图阻止发展或阻止…的成功〔attempt〕To make an effort; endeavor:企图，试图：作出努力；努力：〔putsch〕A sudden attempt by a group to overthrow a government.暴动：由某一群体突然发动的，旨在推翻某政府的企图〔mean〕To design, intend, or destine for a certain purpose or end:图谋，企图：为特定的目的或结果设计、打算或预定：〔Rhodes〕British financier and colonizer who became prime minister of Cape Colony in 1890 but was forced to resign in 1896 after attempting to overthrow the Boer regime in the Transvaal. He later helped colonize the territory now called Zimbabwe.罗兹，塞西尔·约翰：(1853-1902) 英国资本家和殖民者，他于1890年成为开普殖民地的首相，但在企图推翻德兰士瓦省的布尔人统治后被迫于1896年辞职。他后来协助殖民化了现在称作津巴布韦的领土〔purport〕To have the intention of doing; purpose.意图：企图；目的在于〔Boulanger〕French military and political leader who after serving in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) envisioned himself dictator and was accused of treason. He committed suicide in exile.博兰格尔，乔治斯·欧内斯特·简·玛丽：(1837-1891) 法国军事和政治领袖，参加普法战争（1870-1871年）后，企图成为一个独裁者，但被起诉为叛逆，后在流放中自杀〔reconsider〕To consider again, especially with intent to alter or modify a previous decision.重新考虑：又一次地考虑，尤指企图改变或修改已做之决定的〔telegraph〕By massing troops on the border, the enemy telegraphed its intended invasion to the target country.敌人在边界集结军队，暴露出其企图侵犯目标国〔Stuart〕Pretender to the British throne. The son of James II, he made two unsuccessful attempts to take the throne (1708-1715). The final Jacobite rising (1745-1746), also a failure, was conducted on his behalf by his son Charles Edward Stuart.斯图亚特，詹姆斯（弗朗西斯）·爱德华：(1688-1766) 英国王位的觊觎者詹姆士二世之子，他企图二次攫取王位未获成功(1708-1715年）。最后代表他儿子查尔斯·爱德华·斯图亚特策划的雅各宾派的最后一次起义(1745-1746年）也以失败告终〔Nelson〕British admiral who defeated the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile (1798), thus ending Napoleon's attempt to conquer Egypt, and destroyed French and Spanish naval forces at Trafalgar (1805), where he was mortally wounded.怀康待，霍拉肖：(1758-1805) 英国海军上将，在尼罗河战役(1798年）中打败法国舰队，这样就结束了拿破仑征服埃及的企图。1805年在特拉尔加摧毁了法国和西班牙的海军力量并身负重伤〔entente〕from Old French [intent] [from feminine past participle of] entendre [to understand, intend] * see intend 源自 古法语 [意图，目的] 源自entendre的阴性过去分词 [了解，打算，企图] * 参见 intend〔play〕An attempt to obtain something; a bid:企图获得：希望得到某物的企图；试图：〔Gould〕American financier and speculator who with James Fisk and Daniel Drew wrested control of the Erie Railroad from Cornelius Vanderbilt (1867-1868). With Fisk, he caused the financial panic of September 24, 1869, with an attempt to corner the gold market.古尔德，杰：(1836-1892) 美国金融家和投机者，1867-1868年他与詹姆士·菲斯克和丹尼尔·德鲁经过奋斗从科尼利厄斯·范德比尔特手里夺取了伊利铁路公司。他与菲斯克企图垄断黄金市场，从而造成1869年9月24日的金融恐慌〔appease〕To pacify or attempt to pacify (an enemy) by granting concessions, often at the expense of principle.See Synonyms at pacify 绥靖，姑息：做出退让以使（敌人）安宁或企图使敌人如此，常以丧失原则为代价 参见 pacify〔will〕Used to indicate intention:企图，意图：用于表示打算：〔Rauschenbusch〕American religious leader who sought solutions to social and economics problems through the application of Christian and socialist ideals.劳兴布施，沃尔特：(1861-1918) 美国宗教领袖，企图通过基督教和社会主义思想相结合来找到解决社会和经济问题的答案〔boycott〕Charles C. Boycott seems to have been forced by his strong sense of duty into becoming a household word.Boycott was the estate agent of the Earl of Erne in County Mayo, Ireland.The earl was one of the absentee landowners who as a group held most of the land in Ireland.Boycott was chosen in the fall of 1880 to be the test case for a new policy advocated by Charles Parnell, an Irish politician who wanted land reform.Any landlord who would not charge lower rents or any tenant who took over the farm of an evicted tenant would be given the complete cold shoulder by Parnell's supporters.Boycott, a former British soldier, refused to charge lower rents and ejected his tenants.At this point members of Parnell's Irish Land League stepped in,and Boycott and his family found themselves isolated—without servants, farmhands, service in stores, or mail delivery.Boycott's name was quickly adopted as the term for this treatment,not just in English but in other languages such as French, Dutch, German, and Russian.查理斯·C·博伊考特看来是因为其强烈的责任感而成为一个家喻户晓的词。博伊考特是爱尔兰麦奥县俄内伯爵的房地产经纪人。俄内是占有爱尔兰大部分土地的不在地主集团中的一员。博伊考特于1880年秋季被选为一项新政策的试点，此项政策是由一个企图进行土地改革的爱尔兰政治家──查理斯·帕内尔提出的。那些不愿降低地租的地主或接管被驱逐佃户土地的佃农都被帕内尔的支持者疏远。作为原英军士兵的博伊考特，拒绝收取低地租并且驱逐佃户。此时帕内尔爱尔兰土地联盟成员插手了，博伊考特及其家人发现他们被孤立了──没有仆人，农业工人，得不到商店服务，也没有人送信。博伊考特的名字很快就被用作这种对待方法的专有名词，不仅用于在英语中，而且也用于如法语、荷兰语、德语和俄语的其他语言中〔bust〕an attempt to bust the union.终止联盟的企图 |
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