| 单词 | 传统 |
| 释义 | 〔raga〕A traditional form in Hindu music, consisting of a theme that expresses an aspect of religious feeling and sets forth a tonal system on which variations are improvised within a prescribed framework of typical progressions, melodic formulas, and rhythmic patterns.拉加：印度音乐的一种传统调式，有一个主题，表达某方面的宗教感情，并确定一个音调系统，依据这个系统在限定的典型发展框架、主旋律格式和节奏方式内即席创作变奏曲〔Santeria〕An African-based religion similar to voodoo, originating in Cuba and Brazil, which combines the worship of traditional Yoruban deities with the worship of Roman Catholic saints.桑泰里厄教：非洲人信奉的类似巫毒教的宗教，起源于古巴和巴西，结合了对传统约鲁巴神的膜拜以及对罗马天主教圣徒的膜拜〔angel〕The conventional representation of such a being in the image of a human figure with a halo and wings.天使形象：有光环和翅膀的人形化身的传统天使形象〔habit〕 Custom is either individual or group behavior as established by long practice and especially by accepted conventions: Custom 是指由于长时间的实践；尤其是公认传统确立的个人或群体的一种行为方式： 〔neither〕According to the traditional rule,neither is used only to mean "not one or the other of two.” To refer to "none of several,”none is preferred: 按传统规则，neither 只用于表示“不是这个也不是另一个”。 要指“多个中一个也没有”时最好用none ： 〔hadith〕A report of the sayings or actions of Muhammad or his companions, together with the tradition of its chain of transmission.圣训：穆罕默德或是其随从的语录或行动纪录，并同其连锁传递的传统〔Chechen〕A member of the predominant, traditionally Muslim ethnic group of Chechnya.车臣穆斯林份子：车臣主要传统穆斯林势力族群团体的成员〔compare〕 Whencompare is used to mean "to liken (one) with another,” with is traditionally held to be the correct form: 当compare 用作表示“把（一个）比喻成另一个”时， with 传统地作为正确的形式： 〔conformist〕Marked by conformity or convention:以遵从或传统为特征的：〔Haggadah〕Traditional Jewish literature, especially the nonlegal part of the Talmud.犹太传统文学，特别是塔木德经中的非法律部分〔lifeway〕the traditional lifeways of a tribal society.部落团体的传统生活习惯〔scan〕In the 1969 edition ofThe American Heritage Dictionary a dead issue was buried by our Usage Panel, 85 percent of whom thought it was acceptable to usescan in the sense "to look over quickly,” though the note stated that this was less formal usage.The usage issue was raised becausescan in an earlier sense meant "to examine closely.” From a historical perspective it is easy to see how these two opposite senses ofscan developed. The source of our word, Latinscandere, which meant "to climb,” came to mean "to scan a verse of poetry,” because one could beat the rhythm by lifting and putting down one's foot.The Middle English verbscannen, derived from scandere, came into Middle English in this sense (first recorded in a text composed before 1398). In the 16th century this highly specialized sense having to do with the close analysis of verse developed other senses,such as "to criticize, examine minutely, interpret, perceive.” From these senses having to do with examination and perception,it was an easy step to the sense "to look at searchingly" (first recorded in 1798),perhaps harking back still to the careful, detailed work involved in analyzing prosody.But a thorough search can change into a quick one, as it seems to have done in the case of the verbscan. 在1969年版的美国传统词典 中，我们的用法委员会放弃了一个已废弃的争议， 其中85%的人认为scan 意为“快速浏览”是可接受的， 虽然注释上说这是非正式的用法。之所以这么用是因为scan 在较早的意义上表示“仔细检查”。 从历史的角度了解scan 的两个相反意思如何发展是容易的。 这个单词的词源是拉丁语scandere ，意为“攀登”，后又演化为“标出诗之格律”， 因为人们可以通过抬起或放下脚来打拍子。中世纪英语动词scannen 即是在这个意义上从 scandere 转化而来的（首次被记载在一本1398年之前编辑的教科书上）。 在16世纪这个已经高度专门化并且用来表示仔细分析诗歌的词语又发展出了其它的意项，如“批评、细致入微地检查、翻译或理解”。从这些表示检查和察觉的意思，很容易就过渡到“细察”(1798年首次被记载）的意义，也可能返回到仔细分析诗体的细微工作。但就象这个动词scan 一样，彻底地搜查可能变成快速地浏览 〔data〕Data originated as the plural of Latin datum, "something given,” and many maintain that it must still be treated as a plural form.The New York Times, for example, adheres to the traditional rule in this headline:“ Data 来源于拉丁文 datum “给予的事物”的复数形式， 而且许多人坚持它必须仍然被当作复数形式。例如纽约时报， 就遵循这条传统规则， 在这条大字标题中：“ 〔Maybeck〕American architect. His designs, which reflect both classical traditions and the influence of his western environment, include the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco (1915) and the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Berkeley (1912).马白克，伯纳尔·拉尔菲：美国建筑师。其设计融合了古典传统元素及西方自然环境气息，代表作有美国旧金山的艺术宫（1915年）及加州伯克莱的基督教科学会（1912年）〔cycle〕The aggregate of traditional poems or stories organized around a central theme or hero:集成：围绕同一主题或者英雄的传统诗歌或者故事的集合：〔cabal〕The history ofcabal reveals how a word can be transferred from one sphere of activity to another while retaining only a tenuous connection with its past. Ultimately from Hebrewbut transmitted to English probably by way of Medieval Latin and French,cabal is first recorded in English in 1616 in the sense "cabala.” Cabala was the name for the Hebrew oral tradition transmitted by Moses and also the name for a Jewish religious philosophy based on an esoteric interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures.The notion "esoteric" is central to the development of this word in English,forcabal, probably following the sense development in French, came to mean "a tradition, special interpretation, or secret,” "a private intrigue" (first recorded in 1646-1647),and "a small body of intriguers" (first recorded in 1660).It is probably not coincidental thatcabal is found with these latter meanings during the mid-17th century, that time of plots and counterplots by Royalists and Parliamentarians.The word gained a false etymology when it was noticed that the five most influential ministers of Charles II were named Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale.单词cable 的历史表现出一个单词在与其过去的含义仅保持微弱联系的情况下，如何能够从一个使用范围转向另一个范围。 最起始是源于希伯来语，但可能是通过中世纪的拉丁语和法语转化为英语，cabal 以“秘教”的含义在英语中最早载于1616年。 Cabala 是对摩西所传的希伯来口头传说的称谓， 也是对基于希伯来圣经神秘解说的犹太宗教哲学的称谓。“深奥的”这个概念对于这个英文单词的发展是很重要的，因为cabal 可能是沿用法语里发展起来的含义， 意为“传统，特殊的理解或秘密的，“个人阴谋”（最早记载于1646至1647年），以及“较小的阴谋者的联合体”（最早记载于1660年）。它可能与cabal 的17世纪中叶的后来含义并不一致， 在这一时期内充斥着保皇党人和议员们的阴谋和对策。由于注意到查理二世时期五位最有影响的大臣姓名分别为克利福德，阿灵顿，白金汉，阿什利和劳德戴尔（其姓名首字母合起来为CABAL），该词由此得来一错误的语源说明〔Ararat〕A massif of extreme eastern Turkey near the Iranian border rising to about 5,168 m (16,945 ft). It is the traditional resting place of Noah's ark.阿勒山：土耳其最东面一山群，在伊朗边界附近，海拔约5,168米(16,945英尺），它是诺亚方舟的传统栖所〔observe〕 Observe stresses respectful adherence,as to law or tradition,often in the form of compliance with prescribed rites: Observe 强调尊敬性的遵从，如对于法律或传统，常常以遵守规定的礼仪仪式为形式： 〔descend〕a tradition descending from colonial days.从殖民地时代流传下来的传统〔purism〕Strict observance of or insistence on traditional correctness, especially of language:纯粹主义：尤指对语言的传统规范的严格遵守或坚持：〔Halakah〕Mishnaic Hebrew halākâ [rule, tradition] 密西拿的希伯来语 halākâ [条律，传统] 〔unwritten〕Having authority based on custom, tradition, or usage rather than documentation:不成文而有效力的：基于习俗，传统，或习惯的做法而非文献的规定具有效力的：〔shorthand〕"The classical error is to regard a scientific law as only a shorthand for its instances"(Jacob Bronowski)“在看待科学法则上的传统错误是把它只当作它的实例的一个简略的表达方式”(雅各·布洛诺夫斯基)〔Brahms〕German composer. His works, blending classical tradition with the new romantic impulse, include concertos, four symphonies, chamber music, and choral compositions.布拉姆斯，约翰尼斯：(1833-1897) 德国作曲家，其作品把古典传统与新浪漫主义的冲击结合起来，包括协奏曲、四重奏交响曲、室内乐和弦乐作品〔Avar〕A member of a traditionally Muslim people of southern Dagestan and neighboring areas of Azerbaijan.阿尔瓦人：达吉斯坦南部和阿塞拜疆共和国周边地区的传统穆斯林民族中一员〔Azeri〕A member of a traditionally Shiite Muslim people of Azerbaijan and adjacent areas of Armenia and northern Iran; an Azerbaijani.阿塞拜疆人：阿塞拜疆以及亚美尼亚和伊朗北部相邻地区传统什叶派回教徒中一员；阿塞拜疆人〔Kirghiz〕A member of a traditionally nomadic people living principally in Kirghiz.吉尔吉斯人：主要居住在吉尔吉斯的游牧传统民族的一员〔what〕Whenwhat is the subject of a clause, it may be construed as singular or plural, depending on the sense.It is singular when taken as the equivalent ofthat which or the thing which, as inI see what seems to be a dead tree; and it is plural when it is taken as the equivalent ofthose which or the things which, as inHe sometimes makes what seem to be gestures of aloofness. ? When awhat clause is itself the subject of a sentence, it may be construed as singular or plural,but the conditions governing this choice are somewhat more complicated.In general, awhat clause will be taken as a plural when the clause contains an explicit indication of its own plurality. There are two principal cases.First, the clause is plural ifwhat is the subject of the clause and the verb of the clause is itself plural: What seem to be two dead trees are blocking the road. What most surprise me are the inflammatory remarks at the end of his article. If the verb in thewhat clause does not anticipate the plural sense of the predicate in this way, a singular verb is generally used in the main clause as well,though the plural is sometimes found:What truly commands respect is (sometimes are ) a large navy and a resolute foreign policy. Second, thewhat clause is treated as plural when its predicate contains a plural noun phrase that unambiguously establishes the plurality of the clause as a whole, as inWhat traditional grammarians called "predicates" are called "verb phrases" by modern linguists. What the Romans established as military outposts were later to become important trading centers. In the absence of explicit plural marking of either of these types in a subjectwhat clause, the clause is usually treated as singular for the purposes of agreement, regardless of the sense:What she held in her lap was four kittens. What the apparent diamonds turned out to be was paste. In some cases, however, a clause withwhat as the subject may be treated as singular or plural, depending on a subtle distinction of sense. InWhat excite him most are money and power, the implication is that money and power are distinct elements; inWhat excites him most is money and power, the implication is that money and power are taken as constituting a single entity.See Usage Note at which 当what 作为从句中的主语时， 它既可被当作单数也可以为复数，这取决于词义。当被看作是that which 或 the thing which 时它就是单数， 如在I see what seems to be a dead tree（我看到个象棵死树的物体）” 这句话中； 当它被用作those which 或 the things which 的对应词时它是复数， 如在He sometimes makes what seem to be gestures of aloofness（他有时做一些似乎很超然的手势） 中。 当what 从句本身是句子的主语时， 它可被当作单数或复数，但决定这种选择的条件略为复杂些。总体上说，what 从句的含有对其数性明确指示时，它就可以将当作复数。 这有两种最主要的情况：首先，如果what 是从句的主语而该从句的谓语动词本身是复数，从句就是复数： What seem to be two dead trees are blocking the road.（象两棵死树的物体挡着路）； What mostsurprise me are the inflammatory remarks at the end of his article.（最令我吃惊的是他文章结尾处的煽动性言词） 。 如果what 从句的谓语动词并不预示谓语是复数， 主句中通常也用单数动词，尽管有时也可以发现有复数：What truly commands respect is（有时 are ) a large navy and a resolute foreign policy（真正博得尊敬的是强大的海军和坚定的外交政策） ； 其次what 从句在其谓语含有复数名词短语，并且其明显可建立整个从句的复数性时是被当作复数的， 如在What traditional grammarians called "predicates" are called "verb phrases" by modern linguists.（那些传统语法家所称为“谓语”的则被现代语言学家称作“动词短语”） What the Romans established as military outpostswere later to become important trading centers.（那些罗马人设为军事前哨基地的地方后来成为了重要的贸易中心）。 当what 从句主语缺乏这两类明确表示复数性的标记时， 从句通常为了一致性而不顾及词义地被当作单数：What she held in her lap was four kittens.（她抱在膝盖上的是四只小猫）。 What the apparent diamonds turned out to bewas paste.（那些看上去象真的钻石结果却是人造宝石） 。 然而，在一些情况下，以what 作主语的从句可被当单数或复数，取决于语义上微妙的差异。 在What excite him most are money and power（最让他兴奋的是金钱和权力）， 这句话中暗含着金钱和权力是不同的成分； 在What excites him most is money and power（最让他兴奋的是金钱和权力）， 这句话中暗含着金钱和权力是作为构成一个单一整体的成分 参见 which〔unorthodox〕Breaking with convention or tradition; not orthodox.异端的：背离传统或习惯的；不正统的〔Kyrgyz〕A member of a traditionally nomadic people living principally in Kyrgyzstan.吉尔吉斯斯坦人：主要居住在吉尔吉斯斯坦的传统游牧民族中一员〔Bontemps〕American writer whose works explore Black life and heritage.邦特蒙普斯，阿纳·温德利：(1902-1973) 美国作家，他的作品探究黑人的生活和传统问题〔should〕Like the rules governing the use ofshall and will on which they are based, the traditional rules governing the use ofshould and would are largely ignored in modern American practice. Eithershould or would can now be used in the first person to express conditional futurity: 就象作为shall 和 will 词的基础的限用的用法规则一样， 适用于should 和 would 这个词的传统使用规则在现代美国英语中也已被忽略了。 现在should 或 would 这两个词中的任何一个都可以用于第一人称，表示条件式中的将来： 〔piety〕A position held conventionally or hypocritically.传统职位：传统地或伪善地担当的职位〔spin〕an innovative chef who puts a new spin on traditional fare.一个有创意的厨师赋于传统食品以新风格〔birthstone〕A gemstone associated with a particular month and customarily worn by persons born during that month.诞生石：与某一特殊月份相关的宝石，按传统由该月出生的人佩戴〔neoliberalism〕A political movement beginning in the 1960's that blends traditional liberal concerns for social justice with an emphasis on economic growth.新自由主义：始于20世纪60年代的政治运动，把强调经济增长和传统自由主义对社会公正的关心结合起来〔Kurosawa〕Japanese filmmaker whose internationally acclaimed works, includingRashomon (1950), The Seven Samuri (1954), and Ran (1985), often concern traditional Japanese institutions. 黑泽，明：(生于 1910) 日本电影制片人，在国际上受到好评的作品包括《罗生门》 （1950年）、 《七个武士》 （1954年）和 《乱》 （1985年），他的作品往往对日本的传统体制比较关注 〔filiopietistic〕Of or relating to an often immoderate reverence for forebears or tradition.保守的：属于或关于对祖先或传统往往过于虔诚的〔blot〕War blotted out their traditional way of life.战争破坏了他们的传统生活方式〔Baptist〕Abbr. Bap.,Bapt.A member of an evangelical Protestant church of congregational polity, following the reformed tradition in worship, and believing in individual freedom, in the separation of church and state, and in baptism of voluntary, conscious believers.缩写 Bap.,Bapt.浸信会教友：卫理公会教堂福音派新教的一员，使用改革的祈祷传统，崇尚个人自由、政教分离和自愿洗礼、理智信仰 |
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