| 单词 | 传统上 |
| 释义 | 〔Roosevelt〕First Lady of the United States (1901-1909) as the wife of President Theodore Roosevelt. Known as a shrewd manager of the White House, she oversaw a major renovation (1902) and delegated many of the responsibilities traditionally belonging to the First Lady.罗斯福，埃迪斯·卡罗：(1861-1948) 美国第一夫人(1901-1909年），总统西奥多·罗斯福之妻。她是众所周知的精明的白宫总管，曾监督白宫重大的修复工作(1902年）及把很多传统上属于第一夫人的职责托给别人〔Astarte〕A Near Eastern goddess traditionally associated with love and fertility.阿斯塔蒂：近东地区传统上主管爱情和生育的女神〔Negro〕A member of a major human racial division traditionally distinguished by physical characteristics such as brown to black pigmentation and often tightly curled hair, especially one of various peoples of sub-Saharan Africa.黑人：人类一个主要种族的成员，传统上按身体特征来区分，比如肤色棕色渐黑色，常有紧密的卷发，尤指非洲撒哈拉以南地区的人〔masculinity〕Something traditionally considered to be characteristic of a male.男子特征：传统上认为属于男性特性的东西〔Ishmael〕In the Old Testament, the son of Abraham who was cast out after the birth of Isaac. He is traditionally considered to be the forebear of the Arabs.以实玛利：旧约中亚伯拉罕之子，在以撒出生后被弃。他传统上被认为是阿拉伯人的祖先〔tennis〕Surprisingly, the origin of the wordtennis is not precisely known, even though much is known about the history of this sport. The word in the formtenetz is first recorded in a work written around 1400. The game referred to is what is now calledcourt tennis, or real tennis, which is played on a large indoor court with a specially marked-out floorand high cement walls off which the ball may be played.It seems likely that the Middle English formtenetz is from tenetz, an Anglo-Norman variant of the Old French word tenez, the imperative oftenir, "to hold,” and meaning "receive,” said by the server to his opponent.As this evidence indicates, tennis originated in medieval France,but the French called the game, then as now,la paume. Bytennis we do not mean what tenetz or la paume meant but rather lawn tennis, a term first recorded around 1874, shortly after an early form of lawn tennis, descended from court tennis, was introduced. Unlike court tennis, which is traditionally associated with the rich and the royal, tennis is open to players from a wide spectrum of society,although it certainly is not unconnected with the rich and the royal.令人惊讶的是，尽管人们对这项运动的历史知之甚多，但tennis 一词的起源却不被人所详细了解。 在约1400年，此词以tenetz 的形式第一次出现在书面上。 其所指的运动就是现在所谓的court tennis 或 real tennis ， 这是一种在有标记的地板的室内场地上进行的运动，场地四周有很高的泥灰墙。而中古英语的tenetz 有可能是从 tenetz 这个古法语中的盎格鲁-诺曼变体 tenez 得来的。 而该古法语词又是tenir 一词的祈使式， 意为“抓住，握住”，而发球人对其对手说时意义为“接住”。这一例子似乎说明网球运动起源于中世纪的法国，但是在法语中，这项运动从古至今一直被称为la paume 。 我们用tennis 这一词其实指代的不是 tenetz 或者 la paume 指代的事物，而是 lawn tennis 这一在1874年前后第一次被记录的词语所指代的事物，此时由庭院网球演变而来的草地网球的一种早期形式正在被介绍开来。 不象传统上与富人和贵族联系紧密的庭院网球，网球运动适合社会各阶层的人，当然这并不是说这一运动就与富人和贵族没有联系〔doubt〕Doubt and doubtful may be followed by clauses introduced by that, whether, or if. The choice among these three is partly guided by the intended meaning of the sentencebut is not cast in stone. Whether normally introduces an indirect questionand is therefore the traditional choice when the subject is in a state of genuine uncertainty about alternative possibilities: Doubt 和 doubtful 后面可以跟由 that，whether， 或 if 引导的从句。 三者之间选哪一个部分地由句子要表达的意义决定的，但其用法并不是固定不变的。 Whether 一般引导一个间接问句，所以当主语所代表的人确实不知如何选择判断时，传统上就用该词： 〔regard〕Regard is traditionally used in the singular in the phrase in regard (not in regards ) to. Regarding and as regards are also standard in the sense "with reference to.” In the same sensewith respect to is acceptable, butrespecting is not. · Respects is sometimes considered preferable to regards in the sense of "particulars": In some respects (not regards ) the books are alike. Regard 传统上以单数形式出现在词组 in regard 中（而不是 in regards ) to。 Regarding和 as regards 也是正规用法，意为“关于…。” 具有同样意义的with respect to 也是可以接受的， 但用respecting 就不可以了。 在表示“个别”时，有时respects 比 regards 更适合： In some respects （而不用 regards ) the books are alike。 〔Algonquian〕A member of a people traditionally speaking an Algonquian language.阿尔冈昆人：传统上使用阿尔贡金语的一个部族的成员〔cotquean〕A man who busies himself with domestic matters traditionally regarded as suitable only for women.妇男：整日忙于做一些传统上被认为是妇女做的家务事的男人〔Valmiki〕Indian epic poet, traditionally considered the author of theRamayana. 跋弥，蚁垤：印度史诗诗人，传统上认为是《罗摩衍那》 的作者 〔behalf〕Traditionally,in behalf of and on behalf of have distinct senses. In behalf of means "for the benefit of,” as inWe raised money in behalf of the earthquake victims. On behalf of means "as the agent of; on the part of,” as inThe guardian signed the contract on behalf of the minor child. The two senses are quite close, however,and are often confused, even by reputable writers.传统上in behalf of 和 on behalf of 有着不同的意思。 In behalf of 意为“为了…的利益”， 如我们为地震受灾者筹款。 On behalf of表示“作为…的代理人；代表…”， 如监护人代表那个小孩签了合同。 但这两种意思相当接近，因此经常被弄混，连一些名作家也时常混用〔right〕 Right refers to a legally, morally, or traditionally just claim: Right 指合法的，符合道德规范的或传统上的正当权力： 〔accompany〕It is traditionally claimed that the preposition to use withaccompany in the passive should be by in the case of persons and with otherwise: 在被动语态中，当指的是人时，用在accompany 后的介词传统上认为只能是 by ，而在其它情况则用 with ： 〔charango〕A ten-stringed mandolin of Andean regions with a sound box traditionally fashioned from the shell of an armadillo or tortoise, now also made of wood.夏朗哥：安第斯山脉地区的十弦曼陀林，其音箱部分，传统上取材自犰狳壳或乌龟壳，但今日也有木制的〔cheongsam〕A long dress with a high collar and slit skirt, traditionally worn by Chinese women.旗袍：中国女性传统上所穿着的高领开衩裙式连身服饰〔under〕During the time conventionally assigned to (a sign of the zodiac):在…中，在…期间：处于传统上属于（黄道中一宫）的那段时间：〔sedile〕One of a set of seats, usually three, provided in some Roman Catholic and Anglican churches for the use of the presiding clergy, traditionally placed on the epistle side of the choir near the altar, and in Gothic-style churches often built into the wall.祭祀席：一排坐席（通常是三个）中的一个，在罗马天主教和英国国教中为主祭祀供用，传统上置于靠近祭坛的合唱团的使徒书边，在哥特式建筑风格的教堂里经常被置于墙的里面〔Palatine〕The most important of the seven hills of ancient Rome. Traditionally the location of the earliest Roman settlement, it was the site of many imperial palaces, including ones built by Tiberius, Nero, and Domitian.帕拉廷：古罗马的七座山中最重要的山，传统上认为最早的罗马殖民地的方位，它是许多帝王宫殿的所在地，包括由提比略，尼禄和图密善建造的一些宫殿〔Cecilia〕Christian martyr traditionally regarded as the patron saint of music.西塞莉娅：基督教殉道者，传统上被视为音乐的保护神〔Ramayana〕A Sanskrit epic, traditionally attributed to Valmiki, that concerns the banishment of Rama from his kingdom, the abduction of his wife Sita by a demon and her rescue, and Rama's eventual restoration to the throne.罗摩耶那史诗：传统上认为作者是瓦尔米其的梵文史诗，内容关于瓦尔米其从其王国流亡、他的妻子悉达被恶魔诱拐以及被救回、瓦尔米其最后夺回王位〔Peter〕The chief of the 12 Apostles. He is traditionally regarded as the first bishop of Rome.彼得：耶稣十二门徒的领导者。传统上认为他是第一位罗马主教〔naff〕In the dual tradition of looking to one's betters for models of how to use language and American obeisance to British usage,let us look at two British words spellednaff. One is an adjective,meaning "clichéd, unstylish" (first recorded in 1969),that may be derived from dialectal wordssuch asnaffhead, "simpleton,” or niffy-naffy, "stupid.” The othernaff is a verb, usually used in the imperative in combination withoff (first recorded in 1959). This is the delicate injunction that members of the royal family such as Princess Anne have used in requesting members of the press to beat it.The origin ofnaff is unknown, but it has been suggested thatnaff may be related to an older English slang term naf, meaning "the female sexual organ.” Naf has been derived from a backward spelling offan, from fanny. 在看待如何使用语言的模式和美语遵从于英语那个更好的两个传统上，让我们看两个拼写为naff 的美语单词。 一个是形容词，表示“过时的，老调的”（首次记录于1969年），可能源于方言单词，如naffhead “傻子”或 niffy-naffy “愚蠢的”。 另一个naff 是动词， 通常用于命令语气与off 连用（首次记录于1959年）。 这是王室家族成员如安娜公主在要求报刊成员禁用时所使用的微妙禁令。Naff 不知源自何处， 但它表明naff 有与旧英语俚语 naf 相关的迹象表示“女性生殖器官”。 Naf 源于从fanny 而来的逆序拼写形式 fan 〔China〕A country of eastern Asia. Its ancient civilization traditionally dates to c. 2700b.c. . Beijing is the capital and Shanghai the largest city. Population, 1,008,175,288. 中国：东亚的国家，其古代传统上认为可追溯到大约公元前 2700年。首都为北京，最大城市为上海。人口1,008,175,288 〔sashimi〕A Japanese dish consisting of very thin, bite-size slices of fresh raw fish, traditionally served with a sharp tasting sauce.生鱼片：一种日本菜肴，由切的薄而小的新鲜生鱼，传统上掺有芥末酱一并食用〔Xia〕The first Chinese dynasty (traditionally dated c. 2205-1766b.c. ). No historical documents or archaeological evidence has been found to corroborate the legends about this dynasty. 夏朝：中国第一个王朝（传统上认为存在于公元前 2205年-1766年），现今还未发现证明该朝代存在的历史文献及出土文物证据 〔Shang〕A Chinese dynasty (traditionally dated 1766-1122b.c. ) whose capital was present-day Anyang. The dynasty's reign was marked by a highly developed social structure, advanced writing, and the use of bronze. 商代：一个中国朝代（传统上认为在公元前 1766-1122年），其首都位于现在的安阳。该朝代的统治以高度发达的社会结构、先进的书写方式和青铜的使用为显著特征 〔physics〕(used with a sing. verb)Abbr. phys.The science of matter and energy and of interactions between the two, grouped in traditional fields such as acoustics, optics, mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, as well as in modern extensions including atomic and nuclear physics, cryogenics, solid-state physics, particle physics, and plasma physics.（与单数动词连用）缩写 phys.物理，物理学：有关物质和能量及两者之间相互作用的科学，传统上分为声学、光学、机械学、热力学和电磁学，现今又扩展到包括原子物理、核物理、低温学、固体物理学、微粒物理学和等离子体物理学〔kugel〕A baked pudding of noodles or potatoes, eggs, and seasonings, traditionally eaten by Jews on the Sabbath.面条布丁：用面条或马铃薯、鸡蛋和调料烤制成的布丁，传统上犹太人在安息日食用〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔Gutenberg〕German printer who is traditionally considered the inventor of movable type. HisMazarin Bible (c. 1455) is believed to be the first book printed with such type. 谷登堡，约翰：(1400?-1468?) 德国印刷工人，传统上认为是他发明了活字印刷术。他的《马萨林圣经》 被认为是用这种印刷术印刷的第一本书籍 〔simnel〕A rich fruitcake sometimes covered with almond paste and traditionally eaten at mid-Lent, Easter, and Christmas.重油水果蛋糕：一种含油丰富的水果蛋糕，有时上面浇有杏仁糖浆，传统上在大斋节期间、复活节和圣诞节食用〔Hippocrates〕Greek physician who laid the foundations of scientific medicine by freeing medical study from the constraints of philosophical speculation and superstition. He is traditionally but inaccurately considered the author of the Hippocratic oath.希波克拉底：希腊名医，通过把医学研究从学推断和迷信中解放出来来奠定了科学的医学的基础，传统上认为他是《希波克拉底誓言》的作者，但这一说法不准确〔John〕One of the 12 Apostles and the brother of James the Great. He is traditionally considered the author of the fourth Gospel, three epistles, and the Book of Revelation.约翰：十二使徒之一，大雅各的兄弟。传统上被认为是第四《福音书》、三篇使徒书信及《启示录》的作者〔moccasin〕A soft leather slipper traditionally worn by Native Americans.印第安软皮鞋：一种传统上由美洲土著穿的软皮便鞋〔sweatshirt〕A usually long-sleeved, collarless, oversize pullover made traditionally of heavy cotton jersey that has a fleeced backing.运动衫：通常指长袖、无领且宽松的套头衫，传统上用带羊毛衬里的重针织棉制成〔challah〕A loaf of yeast-leavened, white egg bread, usually braided, traditionally eaten by Jews on the Sabbath, holidays, and other ceremonial occasions.犹太人在宗教节日所食的鸡蛋面包：一种发酵的通常带花边的白色鸡蛋面包，传统上犹太人在安息日、节假日和其他礼仪场合食用〔manly〕Having qualities traditionally attributed to a man.具有传统上为男子所具备的品质的〔honorarium〕A payment given to a professional person for services for which fees are not legally or traditionally required.酬金，谢礼：对专业人士的服务所付报酬，而从法律或传统上来说这种服务不应收费〔bhangra〕A Punjabi dance music traditionally performed during harvest festivals and weddings, characterized by the beating of a large, two-headed drum.旁遮普舞曲：传统上在庆祝收获、举行婚礼时演奏的旁遮普舞曲，特征是击打双面大鼓 |
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