| 单词 | 伦敦 |
| 释义 | 〔fizzle〕In Philemon Holland's 1601 translation of Pliny'sNatural History, we are surprised by the use of the wordfizzle in the statement that if asses eat a certain plant,"they will fall a fizling and farting.” Fizzle was first used in English to mean,in the decorous parlance of theOxford English Dictionary, "to break wind without noise.” During the 19th centuryfizzle took on a related but more respectable sense, "to hiss, as does a piece of fireworks,”illustrated by a quotation from the November 7, 1881, issue of theLondon Daily News: "unambitious rockets which fizzle doggedly downwards.”In the same centuryfizzle also took on figurative senses, one of which seems to have been popular at Yale.TheYale Literary Magazine for 1849 helpfully defines the word as follows: “Fizzle, to rise with modest reluctance, to hesitate often, to decline finally; generally, to misunderstand the question.”The figurative sense offizzle that has caught on is the one with which we are most familiar today, "to fail or die out.”在腓利门荷兰1601年对普林尼的博物志 中， 我们对fizzle 一词的用法感到很惊讶， 它说如果驴吃了某种植物，“他们就会放屁。” Fizzle 首先在英语中指“无声地放屁，”是在牛津英语字典 的高雅用语中出现的。 在19世纪，fizzle 有了一个相关的但更文雅的含义， “发嘶嘶声，如同烟火那样，”这个词义是通过1881年11月7日的伦敦每日新闻 的引文说明的： “抱负不大的火箭，它们顽固地嘶嘶下坠。”同一世纪，fizzle 还赋与了比喻义， 其中的一个比喻义似乎在耶鲁大学很流行。1849年的耶鲁文学杂志 给这个词下了一个有益的定义： “Fizzle， 不十分情愿地上升，常犹豫不决，最终放弃； 通常是弄错问题。”人们已接受的fizzle 的比喻义， 即今天我们最为熟悉的“失败或消失”〔Wren〕English architect who designed more than 50 London churches, most notably Saint Paul's Cathedral (1675-1710). His secular works include the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford (1664-1669) and Trinity College Library in Cambridge (1676-1684).雷恩，克里斯托弗：(1632-1723) 英国建筑师，曾设计过五十多座伦敦教堂，最著名的是圣保罗大教堂(1675-1710年）。他的非宗教类作品包括牛津的谢尔顿剧院(1664-1669年）和剑桥大学的三一学院图书馆(1676-1684年）〔visit〕visit a museum; visited London.参观博物馆；游览伦敦〔Hess〕British pianist who organized daily lunchtime concerts at the National Gallery in London during World War II.赫斯，米拉：(1890-1965) 英国钢琴家，二战中她在伦敦的国家美术馆每日举行午餐音乐会〔Belgravia〕A fashionable residential district of southwest London, England, centered on Belgrave Square. It was laid out in the 1820's.贝尔塔莱维亚区：英国以贝尔格莱夫广场为中心的上流住宅区，位于伦敦西南。它设立于19世纪20年代〔neutralism〕"Neutralism differs from neutrality in that it is an attitude of mind in time of peace rather than a legal status in time of war"(London Times)"Neutralism 与neutrality的不同之处在于前者表示和平环境时的态度，而不是战争中有法律作用状态或地位”(伦敦时报)〔Solti〕Hungarian-born British conductor. He directed the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1969-1979) and in 1979 became principal conductor and artistic director of the London Philharmonic.索尔第爵士，格奥尔格：(生于 1912) 匈牙利裔英国指挥家。他于1969年至1979年期任芝加哥交响乐团指挥，1979年成为伦敦爱乐乐团的首席指挥和艺术指导〔Basildon〕An urban district of southeast England east-northeast of London. It has varied light industries. Population, 153,200.巴兹尔登：英格兰东南部一郊区，位于伦敦东北偏东。拥有发达的轻工业。人口153,200〔Guildford〕A municipal borough of southeast England southwest of London. It is a market town with varied industries. Population, 58,600.吉尔福德：英格兰东南的自治城市，位于伦敦西南，为一有多种工业的商业城镇。人口58,600〔Cheapside〕A street and district in the City of London, England. It was the market center of medieval London and the site of the Mermaid Tavern, a gathering place for Elizabethan poets and playwrights.切普赛街：英国伦敦市的街区。是中世纪时伦敦的贸易中心和美人鱼酒店、即伊丽莎白时期诗人和剧作家们的聚会场所〔Brentwood〕An urban district of southeast England east-northeast of London. A grammar school in the district dates from the mid-16th century. Population, 72,700.布伦特伍德：英国东南部一市区，位于伦敦东北偏东。该区的一所中学可上溯到16世纪中叶。人口72,700〔Woking〕An urban district of southeast England, a mainly residential suburb of London. Population, 81,800.沃金：英格兰东南部市区，伦敦的主要居住区。人口81,800〔genial〕"the genial sunshine . . . saturating his miserable body with its warmth"(Jack London)“和暖的阳光…用温暖充满他痛楚的躯体”(杰克·伦敦)〔Runnymede〕A meadow in southeast England on the Thames River west of London. King John accepted the Magna Carta here or on a nearby island in 1215.兰尼米德：英格兰东南部一草地，位于伦敦西部泰晤士河边。1215年约翰王在此或附近的岛上接受了大宪章〔popcorn〕Popcorn is very much an American institution.Particularly enjoyed by people in the United States,it is grown as a native product and denoted by a word that is an Americanism,a word or expression that was first used in English in the United States.Popcorn, from the verb pop and the noun corn, fits these criteriabecause the first recorded use of the word is found inMemorable Days in America, an account written by the British traveler William Faux and published in London in 1823: "I crossed the Big Wabash . . . at La Valette's ferry,where is beautiful land . . . and two lonely families of naked-legged French settlersfrom whom I received two curious ears of poss corn.”Notice that either Faux misunderstood the termor the French settlers mispronounced it.This type of corn, introduced to the settlers by Native Americans,was long grown by them,little knowing that their benefaction would one day be consumed by countless moviegoers while watching Westerns.爆玉米是美洲人非常熟知的事物。尤其为美国人喜欢，这种作物被他们作为本地作物而大量种植并以一个美国单词来命名，这个词首先在美国被用于英语中。Popcorn 源于动词 pop 和名词 corn， 并且它适应这些标准，因为有关这个词的最早记录见于由英国旅行者威廉·福克斯所著的、1823年在伦敦出版的游记在美国的难忘日子 中，福克斯在其中写道： “我在瓦莱特码头渡过大沃巴什河，那儿有美丽的田地…及两个孤零零的法国家庭，他们都是赤脚的法国拓荒者，从他们那儿我得到了两根奇怪的玉米棒。”请注意，要么也许是福克斯误解了该词，要么也许是法国拓荒者发错了音。这种类型的玉米是美洲印第安人介绍给这些拓荒者的，且已被这些印第安人种植很久了，但他们几乎无法料到他们的施惠有一天会被无数电影观众一边嚼着一边看西部片。〔smog〕Smog is so much a part of modern, industrialized lifethat it is difficult to realize that at one time neither smog nor the word for it existed.The word, of course, followed the phenomenon perhaps by half a century,for air pollution was noticed during the Industrial Revolution.The wordsmog is first recorded in 1905 in a newspaper report of a meeting of the Public Health Congress. Dr. H.A. des V÷ux gave a paper entitled "Fog and Smoke,” in which,in the words of theDaily Graphic of July 26, "he said it required no science to see that there was something produced in great cities which was not found in the country, and that was smoky fog, or what was known as ‘smog.’”The next day theGlobe remarked that "Dr. des V÷ux did a public service in coining a new word for the London fog.”Since Dr. des V÷ux's creation of this blend, much more has been learned about the composition of smog;unfortunately, it is still with us.烟雾污染已成为现代工业生活中如此大的一部分，以至有一段时间人们难以认识烟雾污染以及表达其存在的烟雾污染这个词。不言而喻，这个词是在这种现象产生半个世纪以后才出现的，因为空气污染是在工业革命期间才被发现。Smog 这个词的第一次使用记录出现在1905年关于公共健康委员会一次会议的新闻报导中， H·A·德佛博士当时上交了一份题为《雾和烟》的论文，按照7月26日每日画报 的说法， 在这篇论文中，“他认为不必借助科学，人们就会发现一种只存在于大城市而乡村没有的东西，那就是含烟的雾，或者叫做烟雾”。第二天的环球报 评论说： "H·A·德佛博士关于伦敦大雾所创造的新词是对公众的一个贡献”。自从H·A·德佛博士用混合的方法创造这个词开始，人们对烟雾的结构做了仔细的研究；但不幸的是，它至今还存在着〔bluestocking〕After the Blue Stocking Society, a nickname for a predominantly female literary club of 18th-century London 源自 Blue Stocking 社会，18世纪伦敦的主要由女子参加的文学俱乐部的绰号 〔apartheid〕Although South Africa has not furnished a great number of words that have achieved general currency in British and American English,one in particular,apartheid, has gained wide circulation. The first recorded use ofapartheid as an English term, in the Cape Times on October 24, 1947, is an ironic commentary on much of the word's use since then: "Mr. Hofmeyr said apartheid could not be reconciled with a policy of progress and prosperity for South Africa.” According to the March 15, 1961, issue of theLondon Times, the wordself-development was supposed to replace apartheid as the official term used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation for "the Government's race policies. ” And inMove Your Shadow, published in 1985, Joseph Lelyveld says that the "word is [now] shunned, even resented by the [National Party's] high priests as if it were an epithet fashioned by the country's enemies.” Butapartheid as a word and as a reality has been slow to disappear. The history ofapartheid, however, offers a possible model for change in this policy, for the word is an example of a mixture and combination of resources, in this case linguistic.Apartheid is an English word that came into South African English from Afrikaans, the language of the Dutch settlers of South Africa. They in turn had made up the word from the Dutch wordapart, "separate,” and the suffix -heid, which corresponds to our suffix -hood. Thusapartheid literally means "separateness.” The Dutch had earlier borrowed the wordapart, as did we, from the French phrase à part, meaning "to one side.” 尽管南非并没有向英国和美国英语里加入很多得以普遍使用的词汇，但尚有一例外，apartheid 这个词就得到了普遍应用。 apartheid 一词作为英语词汇的使用最早记录于1947年10月24日的 开普时报 上，从那时起对该词的使用就作了反讽式的评论： “霍夫梅伊先生说种族隔离制不能与南非进步及繁荣的政策相容。”根据1961年3月15日的一期伦敦时报 ， 南非广播公司试图以self-development 作为官方用语来代替 apartheid 表示“政府的种族政策”。 在1985年出版的移动你的影子 中，约瑟夫·莱莉瓦德说“这个词为高级牧师们所回避甚至痛恨， 似乎它是这个国家的敌人创造出来的修饰语。”但apartheid 作为词汇和作为现实存在消失得很慢。 然而apartheid 的历史为这种政策的变化提供了一个可能的模式， 因为这个词是语言学方面各种来源混合及联合的一个例子。Apartheid 是从南非的荷兰殖民者的语言进入南非英语的一个英语词汇。 依次由荷兰词apart “分隔”，和后缀 -heid （其与后缀 -hood 相对应）构成。 这样，apartheid 可逐字译为“分隔，隔离。” 荷兰人较早地借用了apart 一词，就如我们从法语里借用了意为“到一边”的 a part 一样 〔Fisher〕Australian politician who served three terms as prime minister between 1908 and 1915 and was Australian high commissioner in London (1916-1921).费歇尔，安德鲁：(1862-1928) 澳大利亚政治家，在1908年至1915年间任了三届首相，曾是驻伦敦的澳大利亚高级代表（1916-1921年）〔Brighton〕A borough of southeast England on the English Channel south of London. It became a fashionable resort after 1783 when the Prince of Wales (later George IV) began to patronize it. The Royal Pavilion, in a combination of Chinese and Mogul styles, was designed by the noted architect John Nash (1752-1835). Population, 150,200.布赖顿：英格兰东南部一城区，位于伦敦以南英吉利海峡处。1783年威尔士王子（后来的乔治四世）开始保护此地，之后它成为风行的观光胜地。结合了中国和蒙兀儿式风格的皇家亭阁由著的建筑师约翰·纳许（1752-1835年）设计。人口150,200〔Colet〕English scholar and theologian who founded Saint Paul's School in London (1509) to promote classical as well as scriptural learning.柯列特，约翰：(1467?-1519) 英国学者和神学家，1509年在伦敦创立了圣保罗学校，提倡对古典文学和基督教《圣经》的研究学习〔Chelmsford〕A municipal borough of southeast England northeast of London. Guglielmo Marconi began the world's first broadcasting service here in 1920. Population, 58,500.切姆斯福德：英格兰东南部自治城市，位于伦敦东北。古里尔莫·马可尼于1920年在这里创建了世界上第一家广播机构。人口58,500〔Manning〕British cleric who became archbishop of Westminster in 1865 and cardinal in 1875. He intervened to settle the 1889 London dock strike.曼宁，亨利·爱德华：(1808-1892) 英国教士，于1865年成为威斯特敏斯特大主教，1875年成为红衣主教，曾插手平息了1889年伦敦码头工人罢工〔Sarnia〕A city of southeast Ontario, Canada, at the southern end of Lake Huron west of London. Settled by the French in 1807 and the British in 1833, it is a port and manufacturing center. Population, 50,892.萨尼亚：加拿大安大略省东南部一城市，位于休伦湖南端，伦敦以西。法国人于1807年，英国人于1833年分别殖民于此。它现在是一个港口和制造中心。人口50,892〔Hall〕British writer whose novelThe Well of Loneliness (1928) was originally banned as obscene in London and the United States. 霍尔，（马尔古里特）拉德克利夫：(1886-1943) 英国作家，其作品《孤独之源》 （1928年），最初被认为是淫秽作品而在伦敦和美国遭禁 〔Dartford〕A municipal borough of southeast England east-southeast of London. The Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler began here in June 1381. Population, 77,900.达特福德：英格兰东南一自治市，位于伦敦东南偏东，1381年6月，在这开始了由沃特·泰勒领导的农民起义。人口77,900〔hallmark〕After Goldsmith's Hall in London, England, where gold and silver articles were appraised and stamped 源自金匠的 会堂 ，位于英格兰伦敦，在此对金银物品进行鉴定和做标记 〔save〕"To reclaim me from this course of life was the sole cause of his journey to London" (Henry Fielding). “他伦敦之行的首要目的是使我改过自新” （亨利·费尔丁）。 〔Thames〕A river of southern England flowing about 338 km (210 mi) eastward to a wide estuary on the North Sea. Navigable for large ships as far as London, it is the principal commercial waterway of the country. In its upper course above Oxford it is often called Isis.西蒙斯河：流程约338公里(210英里）的南英格兰河，向东流向北海宽湖三角湾。巨轮航运远至伦敦，它是该国主要商业水路。牛津以上上游部分通称为伊塞斯〔Winchester〕A municipal borough of south-central England southwest of London. The capital of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, it was an important center of learning that attracted many religious scholars after the Norman Conquest (1066). Population, 32,100.温彻斯特区：英格兰中南部一自治区，位于伦敦西南。是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期西撒克斯王国的首府。在诺曼征服(1066年）以后，成为一个吸引了众多宗教学者的重要学术中心。人口32,100〔Templar〕templar A lawyer or student of law having chambers in the Temple in London. templar 律师：在伦敦或中殿律师学院设有事务所或有一席之地的律师或法律学生〔darkle〕"the dramatist . . . whose province it is to darkle and obscure"(London National Observer)“剧作家…的职能是使灰暗或使模糊”(伦敦国家评论家)〔Bran〕A gigantic Celtic god and ruler of Britain. After he was mortally wounded in battle, his head was buried in London, where it served as a protection against invaders.布兰：似巨人般的凯尔特人的上帝和不列颠统治者。在战斗中因伤致死后，他的头被埋葬在伦敦，以作为一种反对侵略者的保护力量〔London〕A city of southeast Ontario, Canada, southwest of Toronto. Settled in 1826, it is an industrial city whose streets and bridges are named after those of London, England. Population, 254,280.伦敦：加拿大安大略省东南部一城市，位于多伦多市西南。1826年成为定居点，为一工业城市，其街道和桥梁均以英格兰的伦敦市命名。人口254,280〔metamorphose〕"His eyes turned bloodshot, and he was metamorphosed into a raging fiend"(Jack London)“他两眼血红，霎时变成了一个暴怒的魔鬼”(杰克·伦敦)〔trilby〕After the novel Trilby by George du Maurier, because such a hat was worn in the original London stage production 源自小说 Trilby ，由乔治·杜·毛瑞埃尔著，因在伦敦的原始舞台创作中戴这种帽子 〔Canterbury〕A borough of southeast England on the Stour River east-southeast of London. Canterbury Cathedral (11th-16th century) is the seat of the archbishop and primate of the Anglican Communion. Built on the site of an abbey founded by Saint Augustine c. 600, it was the scene of the murder of Thomas à Becket (1170). Population, 36,000.坎特伯雷：英格兰东南部一座自治市，位于伦敦东南偏东斯陶尔河畔。坎特伯雷大教堂（建于11-16世纪）是英国圣公会的大主教和首席主教的住地。建在由圣奥古斯丁在公元600年建立的一个修道院的遗址上，是托马斯·贝科特被谋杀的地点（1170年）。人口36,000〔Basingstoke〕A municipal borough of south-central England on the North Downs west-southwest of London. Mentioned as a royal manor in the Domesday Book, it was long a market center for silk and woolen textiles. Population, 67,300.贝辛斯托克：英格兰中南部的一自治市镇，位于伦敦西南偏西的北部高地。在英格兰土地勘查记录书中把它作为皇家庄园，长期以来，它成为丝绸和羊毛织品的交易中心。人口67,300〔Arlen〕Armenian-born British writer noted for his novels about London society, includingThe Green Hat (1924). 阿伦，迈克尔：(1895-1956) 美裔英国作家，以描写伦敦社会的小说而闻名，包括《绿帽》 （1924年） 〔London〕The capital and largest city of the United Kingdom, on the Thames River in southeast England. Greater London consists of 32 boroughs surrounding the City of London, built on the site of a Roman outpost named Londinium. Its growth as an important trade center dates from 886, under the rule of Alfred the Great. During the Elizabethan period (1558-1603) London achieved new heights of wealth, power, and influence and has continued to dominate its country's political, economic, and cultural life. The old city was devastated by the plague in 1665 and by the Great Fire of 1666; the modern city was damaged severely by bombs during World War II. Population, 6,851,400.伦敦：英邦联合王国的首都和最大城市，位于英格兰东南部泰晤士河沿岸。大伦敦由环绕伦敦市的三十二个自治城市组成，它建在一个名为伦迪尼厄姆的罗马前哨站上。自886年开始发展成为一个重要的贸易中心，当时由阿尔弗雷德一世执政。在伊丽莎白统治时期（1558-1603年），伦敦在财富、权力和影响力上达到新的高峰，并一直主宰着本国的政治、经济和文化生活。老城遭1665年瘟疫和1666年大火后摧毁；新城在第二次世界大战中被炸弹严重毁坏。人口6,851,400 |
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