| 单词 | 低等 |
| 释义 | 〔degradation〕A decline to a lower condition, quality, or level.退化：下降到低等的状况、性质或水平〔Adlerian〕Of, relating to, or being a psychological school based on the belief that behavior arises in subconscious efforts to compensate for inferiority or deficiency and that neurosis results from overcompensation.阿德勒学派的：属于、关于或是基于认为，行为产生于弥补低等或缺陷的潜意识努力以及神经官能病产生于过多补偿的心理学派的〔kidnap〕Kidnapper seems to have originated appropriately enough among those who perpetrate this crime. We know this becausekid and napper, the two parts of the compound, were slang of the sort that criminals might use. Kid, which some still find slangy, was considered low slang when kidnapper was formed, and napper is obsolete slang for a thief, coming from the verbnap, "to seize a person or thing, steal.” Nap is possibly a variant ofnab, which still has a slangy ring to it.In 1678, the year in which the word is first recorded,kidnappers plied their trade on behalf of plantations in colonies such as the ones in North America.The term later took on the broader sense that it has today.The verbkidnap is recorded later (1682) than the noun and so is possibly a back-formation,that is, people have assumed that a kidnapper kidnaps.Kidnapper 似乎恰好源于犯这种罪的人。 我们知道这个复合词的两个部分kid 和 napper 是这种罪犯们可能用的俚语。 Kidnapper 形成时 kid 被认为是低等的俚语，现在kid仍有俚语性质， napper 是指小偷的废弃的俚语， 从动词nap 而来， 指“抓住人或东西，偷。” Nap 可能是nab 的变体， 它也仍有俚语的性质。1678年这个词在英语中第一次记录时，绑架者为了如北美的殖民地种植园的利益进行了大量绑架。这个词后来又有象今天这么广的含义，动词kidnap 比名词记录要晚（1682年）， 所以可能是逆构词，也就是人们认为“绑架者”会绑架〔dog〕A hopelessly inferior product or creation:蹩脚货：无可救药的次品或低等创意：〔rhymester〕A minor or inferior poet.See Synonyms at poet 一首低等的或劣等的诗 参见 poet〔vulgar〕The wordvulgar brings to mind off-color jokes, but this was not always so.Ironically the wordvulgar is itself an example of pejoration, the process by which the semantic status of a word changes for the worse over a period of time.The ancestor ofvulgar, the Latin word vulgāris (from vulgus, "the common people"), meant "of or belonging to the common people, everyday,”as well as "belonging to or associated with the lower orders.”Vulgāris also meant "ordinary,” "common (of vocabulary, for example),” and "shared by all.” Its only sense of the sort we might expect was related to the notion of general sharing, that is, "sexually promiscuous.”Our word, first recorded in a work composed in 1391,entered English during the Middle English period,and in Middle English and later English we find not only the senses mentioned above but also related senses.What is common can be seen as debased,and in the 17th century we begin to find instances ofvulgar that made very explicit what was already implicit. Vulgar now meant "deficient in taste, delicacy, or refinement.” From such usevulgar has gone downhill, and at present "crudely indecent" is probably one of the first senses ofvulgar that occurs to many when the word is used. Vulgar 这个词使人想起下流的玩笑， 但这并不尽然。具有讽刺意味的是vulgar 这个词本身就是一个贬义词， 是一个词的语义经过一段时间变为贬义的过程。Vulgar 的语源，拉丁词 vulgaris （来自于 vulgrs， “普通人”）， 意思是平常人的、属于平常人的或日常的，”也意味着“属于低等阶级的，与低阶级有关的。”Vulgaris 也意味着“平常的”，“普通的（如词汇表的）”，和“大家共有的。” 我们可能会想到的这一类的唯一意思与“大家共有的”的意思是有关，即“滥交的。”这个词，首先记载于1391年编的一部书里，在中古英语期间进入英语，在中古英语和后期的英语中我们不仅发现它有上述的意思，也有其它相关的意思。普通的可以被看作是低下的，在17世纪我们开始发现vulgar 把含蓄的意思变得很明显的例子。 现在vulgar 指“品味、格调或教养不高的。” 以这个意思vulgar 开始走下坡路， 现在当人们使用vulgar 时，对许多人来讲“粗野下流的”可能是第一个意思 〔otolith〕One of many minute calcareous particles found in the inner ear of certain lower vertebrates and in the statocysts of many invertebrates.耳石：某些低等脊椎动物的内耳和许多无脊椎动物的平衡囊中的细小石灰质微粒〔typhlosole〕A longitudinal fold of the intestinal wall in certain invertebrates and lower vertebrates that increases the absorptive and digestive surface area of the intestine.盲道：某些无脊椎动物成低等脊椎动物肠道壁的纵向折叠部分，增加了肠道吸收和消化的表面区域〔right〕"Our children are not individuals whose rights and tastes are casually respected from infancy, as they are in some primitive societies" (Ruth Benedict).“我们的孩子不是那种从婴儿期起，其权力和爱好就好象他们在低等社会那样被漫不经心地看待的人” （露丝·本尼迪克特）。〔pariah〕A member of a low caste of agricultural and domestic workers in southern India and Burma.贱民，下等人：在南印度和缅甸从事农业和家务劳动的低等阶层的成员〔coracoid〕A beak-shaped bone articulating with the scapula and sternum in most lower vertebrates, such as birds and reptiles.喙突：大多数低等脊椎动物（如鸟类和爬行动物）的一块喙状骨头，有关节与肩板及胸骨相连〔degenerate〕Having fallen to an inferior or undesirable state, especially in mental or moral qualities.堕落的：降到低等的或不合社会道德标准的状态的，尤指在精神或道德品质方面〔nephrostome〕The ciliated funnel-shaped inner opening of a nephridium into the coelom in some invertebrates and lower vertebrates.肾孔，肾口：一些无脊椎动物和低等椎动物体内通向体腔的肾管纤毛，漏斗形，内部开口〔sorry〕Worthless or inferior; paltry:无价值的或低等的；低劣的：〔adulterate〕To make impure by adding extraneous, improper, or inferior ingredients.掺杂：加入外来的，不当的或低等的成分使变得不纯〔inferior〕Low or lower in quality, value, or estimation:低等的，较差的：在质量、价值或估量大小上低的或较低的：〔fodder〕A consumable, often inferior item or resource that is in demand and usually abundant supply:来源：一种大量需求又通常供应充分的、可消耗的次品或低等资源，：〔adulterate〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to make impure or inferior by adding foreign substances, especially by way of fraudulently increasing weight or quantity": 这些动词所共有的中心意思为“加入外来物质，特别是通过欺骗性地增加重量或数量使变得不纯或低等”： 〔odd〕In Great Britain, a golfing handicap of one stroke given to a superior player or an advantage of one stroke taken away from an inferior player's score in order to equalize the chances of winning.让对手的一击：在英国，高尔夫球中为均等取胜机会，让优等选手进行障碍性击球或让低等选手击球数减一次的有利机会〔palm〕The similar part of the forefoot of a quadruped.前掌：低等哺乳动物前足与人的手掌相似的部分〔low〕In or to a low condition or rank; humbly:低等地：处在一种低的状态或地位；低下的：〔diploblastic〕Derived from two embryonic germ layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm. Used of lower invertebrates, such as sponges and coelenterates.双胚层的：具有两个胚层（外胚层和内胚层）的。用于低等无脊椎动物，如寄生虫和腔肠动物〔inferior〕inferior craft; felt inferior to his older sibling.低等的手工艺品；感到比他的兄妹们低一等 |
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