| 单词 | 体制 |
| 释义 | 〔Nevelson〕Russian-born American sculptor whose massive works, often of wood, cast metal, and found objects, are characterized by complex and rhythmic abstract shapes.内韦尔松，路易丝：(1899-1988) 俄裔美国雕刻家，其大量作品常用木头、铸造金属和自然物体制作，以复杂且有韵律的抽象形状为特征〔joule〕The International System unit of electrical, mechanical, and thermal energy.焦耳：电能、机械能和热能的国际体制单位〔siemens〕A unit of electrical conductance in the International System, equal to one ampere per volt.西门子：国际体制中的电导单位，相当于每伏特一安培〔order〕The established system of social organization:体制：已确定的社会组织系统：〔Tocqueville〕French politician, traveler, and historian. After touring the United States (1831-1832), he wroteDemocracy in America (1835), a widely influential study of American institutions. 托克维尔，亚历克西斯·查尔斯·亨利·克雷尔·德：(1805-1859) 法国政治家，旅行家和历史学家，在周游了美国(1831-1832年）之后写了《美国的民主》 一书(1835年），它是一本影响极广的研究美国体制的专著 〔kermes〕A red dyestuff once prepared from the dried bodies of various female scale insects of the genusKermes. 胭脂：一种红色染料，曾是由胭脂虫 属的有鳞屑的雌胭脂虫的干虫体制成 〔exchange〕The fee or percentage charged for participating in such a system of payment.汇换制度：参与这样的交换体制所要交的手续费或佣金〔dispensation〕A religious system or code of commands considered to have been divinely revealed or appointed.教规：被认为是由神显示或指定的宗教体制或控制方式〔pariah〕In the wordpariah, which can be used for anyone who is a social outcast, independent of social position,we have a reminder of a much more rigid social system,where only certain people could be pariahs.The caste system of India placed members of the pariah caste very low in society;until 1949 they were also known asuntouchables. The wordpariah, however, which we have extended in meaning, came into English from Tamil paṛaiyar, the plural of paṛaiyan, the caste name, which literally means “(hereditary) drummer"and comes from the wordpaṛai, the name of a drum used at certain festivals. The word is first recorded in English in 1613.Its use in English and its extension in use probably owe much to the close relationship that developed between Great Britain and India.Indeed, many of the British servants in India were from the pariah caste.pariah 一词能用于任何一个被社会遗弃的人， 不管他的社会地位如何，在这个词中，对我们有一个更严酷的社会体制的暗示，在这种体制下，仅仅某些特定的人才能成为被社会遗弃的人。印度的社会体制把被遗弃者的社会地位订得很低，直到1949年这些人还仍旧被称作是不可接触者 。 然而，我们已经扩展了含义的pariah 一词从泰米尔语 paraiyar 即 paraiyan 的复数转入英语中来， 字面含义是“（世袭）鼓手”，源于一种特定节日用的鼓名parai 。 1613年这个词首次在英语中有所记录。它在英文中的运用和用法的扩展可能很大程度是由于大不列颠和印度的密切关系。的确，在印度许多英国人的佣人都来自于贱民阶层〔constitution〕The document on which such a system is recorded.宪法：记载这种体制的文件〔Parker〕English prelate who served as archbishop of Canterbury from 1559 until his death and was instrumental in establishing ecclesiastical forms for the Anglican Church.帕克，马修：(1504-1575) 英国高级教士，1559年至去世曾担任坎特伯利大主教，为圣公会教堂一些教会体制的建立起了作用〔Duruy〕French historian and politician who attempted to establish free compulsory primary education. His works includeHistoire des Romains (1843-1844). 杜儒，（简）维克托：(1811-1894) 法国历史学家与政治学家，致力于建立义务初等教育体制，他的作品包括《罗马史》 （1843-1844年） 〔Arafat〕Leader of Al Fatah, an Arab guerrilla group, and the Palestine Liberation Organization, both of which advocate the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.阿拉法特，雅瑟：(生于 1929) 阿拉伯游击队组织阿尔法塔赫及巴勒斯坦解放组织的领袖，这两个组织都提倡建立独立的巴勒斯坦政府体制〔Hooker〕English writer and theologian. HisLaws of Ecclesiastical Polity (1594) was central to the formation of Anglican theology. 胡克，理查德：(1554?-1600) 英格兰作家和神学家他的《论教会体制的法则》 （1594年）是圣公会神学的核心组成部分 〔fascist〕Fascist Of or relating to the regime of the Fascisti. Fascist 法西斯分子的：属于或与法西斯党体制有关的〔bureaucratese〕"Soviet bureaucratese, especially the tongue-twisting acronyms and alien-sounding portmanteau words of the state security apparatus"(Strobe Talbott)“苏联官僚语言，尤其是描述保安体制的绕口的首字母简略词和外来语组合词”(斯特罗布·塔尔博特)〔antiestablishment〕Marked by opposition or hostility to conventional social, political, or economic values or principles.反正统的，反对现存体制的：反对或敌视正统的社会、政治、经济价值观或原则的〔aboveground〕Operating or existing within the establishment or in accordance with conventional standards:公开的：在现存体制中起作用或存在的，与常规标准一致的：〔kermes〕probably from Sanskrit kṛmi-ja- [(red dye) produced by worms] * see k w—mi- 可能源自 梵文 kṛmi-ja- [用虫体制成的（红染料）] * 参见 k w—mi- 〔Tokugawa〕Of or relating to a family of shoguns that ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867, a period marked by centralized feudalism, the growth of urban centers, exclusionary policies against the West, and a rise in literacy.德川（幕府）家族的：属于在公元1603至1867年期间统治日本的幕府家族的，或与其相关的；该时期的主要特色为中央集权封建社会、幕府体制的成长、反西方的锁国政策以及文学艺术的提升〔Kurosawa〕Japanese filmmaker whose internationally acclaimed works, includingRashomon (1950), The Seven Samuri (1954), and Ran (1985), often concern traditional Japanese institutions. 黑泽，明：(生于 1910) 日本电影制片人，在国际上受到好评的作品包括《罗生门》 （1950年）、 《七个武士》 （1954年）和 《乱》 （1985年），他的作品往往对日本的传统体制比较关注 〔ratio〕The relative value of silver and gold in a currency system that is bimetallic.金银比价：金银复币位体制中金和银的相对比例〔distribute〕Ration refers to equitable division of scarce items, often necessities, in accordance with a system that limits individual portions: Ration 指按照一定限制个人份额的体制，一部分不足的东西，常为生活必需品。 〔Cleveland〕The 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1885-1889 and 1893-1897). He was known as an honest, independent President opposed to corruption and the spoils system.克利夫兰，（斯蒂芬）格罗夫：(1837-1908) 美国第22届和第24届总统（1885-1889年及1893-1897年）。以诚实、独立的品格和反对贪污及掠夺体制而著称〔Wednesday〕We say the names of the days of the week constantly,but for most of us they are nonsense syllables. The seven-day system we use is based on the ancient astrological notion that the seven celestial bodies (the sun, the moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn) revolving around stationary Earth influence what happens on itand that each of these celestial bodies controls the first hour of the day named after it.This system was brought into Hellenistic Egypt from Mesopotamia,where astrology had been practiced for millenniums and where seven had always been a propitious number.Ina.d. 321 the Emperor Constantine the Great grafted this astrological system onto the Roman calendar, made the first day of this new week a day of rest and worship for all,and imposed the following sequence and names to the days of the week:Diēs Sōlis, "Sun's Day"; Diēs Lūnae, "Moon's Day"; Diēs Martis, "Mars's Day"; Diēs Mercuriī, "Mercury's Day"; Diēs Iovis, "Jove's Day" or "Jupiter's Day"; Diēs Veneris, "Venus's Day"; andDiēs Saturnī, "Saturn's Day.” This new Roman system was adopted with modifications throughout most of western Europe:in the Germanic languages, such as Old English, the names of four of the Roman gods were converted into those of the corresponding Germanic gods.Therefore in Old English we have the following names (with their Modern English developments):Sunnandæg, Sunday; Mōnandæg, Monday; Tīwesdæg, Tuesday (the god Tiu, like Mars, was a god of war); Wōdnesdæg, Wednesday (the god Woden, like Mercury, was quick and eloquent); Thunresdæg, Thursday ( the god Thunor in Old English or Thor in Old Norse, like Jupiter, was lord of the sky;Old NorseThōrsdagr influenced the English form); Frīgedæg, Friday (the goddess Frigg, like Venus, was the goddess of love); andSaeternesdæg, Saturday. 我们经常说一周各天的名字，但对我们中的大多数人来说，它们是毫无意义的音节。我们使用的七天制度是建立在古代星象学的观点上，即绕着静止不动的地球旋转的七个天体（太阳、月亮、火星、水星、木星、金星和土星），影响着地球上发生的事情，并且这些天体控制着以它们的名字命名的周日的第一个小时。这个体制从美索不达米亚引进到具有古希腊文明的埃及，在美索不达米亚，星象术已流行了上百万年，七一直是个吉利的数字。在公元 321年伟大的康斯坦丁国王把星相学系统用于罗马历， 把这种新星期的第一天作为休息与做礼拜的一天，并把以下的次序及名字加在其它的周日上：Dies solis ，“太阳日”； Dies Lunae “月亮日”； Dies Martis “金星日”； Dies Mercurii ，“水星日”； Dies Iovis， “朱维日”或“木星日”； Dies Veneris， “金星日”； 和Dies Saturni, “土星日”。 这种新罗马体制在西欧的大部地区有所改变后被采用：在日耳曼语言中，如古英语中，四位罗马神的名字被改为相应的日耳曼神的名字。所以在古英语中我们看到以下的名字（以及他们的现代英语形式）：Sunnanhd?g, 星期日； Monand?g, 星期一； Tiwesd?g， 星期二（蒂乌神，象玛尔斯一样，是战神）； Wodnesd?g, 星期三（沃登，象墨丘利一样，行动敏捷，善于词辩）； Thunresd?g， 星期四( 古英语中的撒纳及古挪威语的索，象朱庇特一样，是宇宙之主；古挪威语的Thorsdagr 影响了英语中的该词的形式）； Friged?g, 星期五（女神弗丽嘉，象维纳斯一样，是爱神）； 和Saeternesd?g, 星期六 〔erosion〕erosion of the beach; progressive erosion of confidence in our legal system; erosion of the value of the dollar abroad.海岸的腐蚀；对我们司法体制信心的逐步削弱；海外美元价值的贬低〔constitutionalism〕A constitutional system of government.立宪制度：根据宪法运行的政府体制〔constitutionalism〕Advocacy of such a system.立宪主义：拥护这种体制的主张〔federalism〕Advocacy of such a system of government.联邦主义：这种政府体制的主张〔economy〕an industrial economy; a planned economy.工业经济体制；计划经济体制〔collectivism〕The principles or system of ownership and control of the means of production and distribution by the people collectively.集体主义：由全体人民集体决定的生产、分配和所有制体制或原则〔feudalism〕A political, economic, or social order resembling this medieval system.封建主义：一种类似这种中世纪体制的政治、经济或社会秩序〔treatment〕"the right to equal treatment in the criminal and juvenile justice system"(Susan C. Ross)“在刑事和少年犯罪法律体制中受到同等对待的权利”(苏珊C.罗斯)〔dispensation〕A specific arrangement or system by which something is dispensed.分配的流程系统：某物被分配的特殊安排或体制〔technostructure〕A network of skilled professionals who control such a corporate system.技术专家体制：控制这样的组织系统的网络或熟练的专业人员〔alternative〕Existing outside traditional or established institutions or systems:他择性的：存在于传统或现存体制系统以外的：〔jackboot〕The spirit sustaining and motivating a militaristic, highly aggressive, or totalitarian regime or system.军国主义精神：支撑和策动一个军事主义的，富侵略性的或极权主义的政体或体制的精神〔Marian〕the Marian reforms of the legions.马略对军团体制的改革〔congregationalism〕A type of church government in which each local congregation is self-governing.教派自治主义：一种教区内各地方教堂均自治的教堂体制〔bylaw〕Middle English bilawe [body of local regulations] ; akin to Danish by-lag [township ordinance] 中古英语 bilawe [地方法规体制] ；类似于 丹麦语 by-lag [镇区的法令] |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。