| 单词 | 体现 |
| 释义 | 〔phantasmagoria〕allégorie [allegory, allegorical visual representation] from Old French [allegory] from Latin allēgoria * see allegory allégorie [寓言，象征性的视觉体现] 源自 古法语 [寓言，象征] 源自 拉丁语 allēgoria * 参见 allegory〔fair〕The history of the wordfair illustrates how words can weaken in meaning over time. In Old English the ancestor offair, fæger, had senses such as "lovely, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable,” a far cry from our modern sense "mildly good or satisfying.”The Old English senses passed into Middle English,where the wordfair started to take a slight turn in the direction already alluded to. Fair could mean "highly to be approved of, splendid, good,”but it could also be used ironically,as in Chaucer's observation after a horse threw the Cook on the pilgrimage to Canterbury:"that was a fair feat of horsemanship by the Cook.”This ironic use was probably not responsible for the semantic weakening offair, but it shows how a positive word can have its meaning reversed.The weakening offair was most likely caused by "the determined optimism which led to the use of fair . . . rather than direct expression of discontent,”in the words of George H. McKnight.One might add as another cause the desire to avoid hurting other people's feelings.单词fair 的历史表明随岁月的流逝单词的语意变弱。 在古英语中fair，f?ger 本意是“可爱的，漂亮的，愉快的”， 与我们现在的“比较好或满意的”大相径庭。古英语传到中世纪英语时，fair 已开始在引申的方向上有微小的转变。 Fair 可以表达“被高度赞许的，辉煌的，好的，”但也可用作反语，如在往坎特伯雷朝圣的途中马将科克摔下时后，乔尔斯评论道：“那是科克精湛骑术的体现”。这种反语用法也许对fair 语义学上的弱化没有联系， 但它表明了一个褒义的单词可以变得意思完全相反。fair 的弱化很大程度上缘于“坚决的乐观主义导致 fair 的用法改变， 而不是直接表达不满意的意思，”乔治赫·马克奈特如此评论。人们可以再添上其它原因以免伤害别人的感情〔epic〕Of, constituting, having to do with, or suggestive of a literary epic:史诗的：史诗的，构成史诗的和史诗有关的或体现了史诗的：〔incarnate〕To realize in action or fact; actualize:使具体化：以行动或事实来实现；体现：〔Hitler〕Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied inMein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945). 希特勒，阿道夫：(1889-1945) 奥地利裔德国纳粹党的创始人，曾任第三帝国(1933-1945年）的总理，他的法西斯哲学主要体现在《我的奋斗》 （1925-1927年）一书中，并得到广大的支持，1934后成为全权独裁者。他执行的侵略性民族主义国家政策，造成了对波兰的入侵和随后的第二次世界大战的爆发，他因对尤其是欧洲犹太人等数百万人口的灭绝政策而臭名昭彰，并于第三帝国即将崩溃时(1945年）自杀 〔antithesis〕The second stage of the Hegelian dialectic process, representing the opposite of the thesis.反题：黑格尔辩证过程中的第二阶段，体现主题的相反面〔say〕To give nonverbal expression to; signify or embody:象征：用非语言方式来表达；表明或体现：〔barbarism〕There is a significant difference in meaning betweenbarbarism and barbarity. Both denote some absence of civilization,but the wordcivilization itself has several different senses, one the opposite ofbarbarism, the other the opposite of barbarity. On the one handcivilization may refer to the scientific, artistic, and cultural attainments of advanced societies; and it is this sense that figures in the meaning ofbarbarism. The English wordbarbarism originally referred to incorrect use of language, but it is now used more generally to refer to ignorance or crudity in matters of taste, including verbal expression:The New Yorker would never tolerate such barbarisms. On the other hand,civilization may refer to the basic social order that allows people to resolve their differences peaceably, and it is this sense—that is, civilization as opposed to savagery—that figures in the meaning ofbarbarity, which refers to savage brutality or cruelty in actions,as inThe accounts of the emperor's barbarity shocked the world. 在barbarism 与 barbarity 之间意义有明显的区别。 虽然两者都包含不文明的意思，但civilization 一词本身有好几种意思， 一种与barbarism 相反，另一种与 barbarity 相反。 一方面civilization 可以指在发达社会中科学、艺术、文化方面取得的成就， 这层意义能在barbarism 中得到体现。 英语词barbarism 最先指语音不正确的使用， 现在却更多地用来指品味方面的无知与鄙俗，包括动词表示法，例如：这个 纽约人 从不会容忍这些低级趣味。 另一方面，civilization 还可以指允许人们和平地彼此同化的社会基本规则。 在这个意义上，“文明”作为“残暴”的反义词，在barbarity 中得以体现， 指残酷的暴行或行为方面的残忍，例如句子这个皇帝的暴行被报道之后震惊了全世界 〔work〕"A work that aspires . . . to the condition of art should carry its justification in every line" (Joseph Conrad). “一种升高到艺术层次的工作，应该在各个方面体现其道义” （约瑟夫·康拉德）。〔imagination〕The sitting room was a kind of Victorian fantasy, full of cabbage roses, fringe, and tassels.客厅极力体现着维多利亚时代的风格，饰满了蔷薇、镶边和流苏。〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔mind〕The human consciousness that originates in the brain and is manifested especially in thought, perception, emotion, will, memory, and imagination.头脑，心：人类产生于大脑的意识，尤以思想、知觉、情感、愿望、记忆和想象力体现出来〔dive〕Eitherdove or dived is acceptable as the past tense of dive. Dived is actually the earlier form,and the emergence ofdove may appear anomalous in light of the general tendencies of change in English verb forms. Old English had two classes of verbs:strong verbs, whose past tense was indicated by a change in their vowel (a process that survives in such present-day English verbsasdrive/drove or fling/flung ); and weak verbs,whose past was formed with a suffix related to-ed in Modern English (as in present-day Englishlive/lived and move/moved ). Since the Old English period,many verbs have changed from the strong pattern to the weak one;for example, the past tense ofhelp, formerly healp, became helped, and the past tense ofstep, formerly stop, became stepped. Over the years, in fact, the weak pattern has become so prevalentthat we use the termregular to refer to verbs that form their past tense by suffixation of -ed. However, there have occasionally been changes in the other direction:the past tense ofwear, now wore, was once werede ; that ofspit, now spat, was once spitede ; and the development ofdove is an additional example of the small group of verbs that have swum against the historical tide. dove 或 dived 都可用作 dive的过去式形式。 Dived 实际上是早期词形，根据英语动词词形变化的趋势，dove 的出现似乎是不规则的。 古英语有两类动词：强式动词，其过去时形式由元音变化来体现（这一过程还存在于现代英语里，诸如drive/drove 或 fling/flung 等动词中）； 另一类为弱式动词，其过去时态形式由与现代英语-ed 后缀有关 （如现代英语中的live/lived 和 move/moved )。 自古英语时期以来，许多动词由强式变为弱式；例如help 的过去式形式以前为 healp ，已变为 helped ， step 的过去式由以前的 stop 变为 stepped 。 事实上，多年来弱式动词变得非常普遍，我们用术语规则动词 来指那些由加后缀 -ed 来构成过去式形式的动词， 然而偶尔也会向另一方向发生变化：wear 的过去形式现为 wore ，曾为 weared ； spit 的过去式现为 spat ，曾为 spitede ； dove 的发展是反历史潮流而动的一小组动词中的另外一小组动词的例子 〔Abo〕"A group of Australian words such as abo (aborigine) or tyke (Catholic) display a degree of intolerance"(Leonard Santorelli)“一些澳大利亚词，如澳大利亚土著居民或天主教体现了某种不相容的程度”(伦纳德·圣雷利)〔anachronism〕"He is interested in the spirit of the play, and he is not averse to throwing in an anachronism or two if he thinks it will help underscore a point"(Skylines)“他对戏剧所体现的精神很感兴趣，如果有助于强调一个观点的话，他并不反对有一两个时代错误”(地平线)〔embody〕To represent in bodily or material form:体现：以形体的或物质的形式代表：〔nemesis〕Retributive justice in its execution or outcome:报应：执行中或结果里体现公正的惩罚：〔Botticelli〕Italian painter of the Florentine school whose flowing draftsmanship is evident in his masterpieces,Primavera (c. 1477) and Birth of Venus (c. 1485). 波提且利，桑德洛：(1444?-1510) 佛罗伦萨画派的意大利画家，他动感的绘画艺术体现在他的代表作，《春》 （1477年）和 《维纳斯的诞生》 （1485年）中 〔miscast〕To cast (a role or theatrical production) inappropriately.使（演员）担任不适合的角色，使（戏剧演出）不能很好地得以体现〔charade〕charades (used with a sing. or pl. verb)A game in which words or phrases are represented in pantomime, sometimes syllable by syllable, until they are guessed by the other players. charades （与单数或复数动词连用）字谜游戏：一种词或短语以哑剧的形式体现的游戏，有时是一个音节接一个音节出现，直到被其他游戏参加者猜中为止〔shape〕To embody in a definite form:体现：以一种确定的形式体现：〔avatar〕A temporary manifestation or aspect of a continuing entity:体现：一种连续状态的暂时显现或表现：〔quarter〕A region or an area of the earth thought of as falling into such a specific division of the compass.地区：被认为通过罗盘的特定分区而体现出来的地球区域或地区〔interpret〕To present or conceptualize the meaning of by means of art or criticism.诠释，体现：以艺术或评论的方式表达或使概念化〔Masora〕The critical notes made on manuscripts of the Hebrew scriptures before the tenth century, which embody this tradition.旧约圣经评注：10世纪前写于希伯来圣经手抄本上的评论性文字，是犹太教传统的体现〔sculpture〕To represent in sculpture.雕塑，塑造：通过雕刻作品来体现〔familiar〕An attendant spirit, often taking animal form.守护精灵：一种伴随的心灵，通常体现在动物身上〔personify〕To be the embodiment or perfect example of:象征，体现：成为一个化身或恰当的例子：〔action〕The appearance of animation of a figure in painting or sculpture.动态：绘画或雕塑中人物活力的体现〔adamantine〕"If there is one dominant trait that emerges from this account, it is adamantine willpower"(Eugene Linden)“如果这篇报道体现了什么主要特征的话，那就是坚强的意志力”(尤金·林登)〔performative〕I now pronounce you husband and wifeat a wedding ceremony, thus creating a legal union, or as one utteringI promise,thus performing the act of promising.我现在宣告你们成为丈夫与妻子所体现的合法性，由此产生合法的配偶，或者当一个人说我发誓,因此而履行誓言〔incarnate〕a community that incarnates its founders' ideals.一个体现了创建者理想的社区〔Te〕In Confucianism, the virtuous moral strength embodied in wise people, upon which they rely in times of distress.德：在儒家中，智者身上体现的高尚的道德力量，智者在困难时期依赖这一力量〔movement〕The suggestion or illusion of motion in a painting, sculpture, or design.动态感：在绘画、雕刻和设计中动态的体现或感觉〔Maugham〕British writer whose short stories, such as "Miss Thompson" (1921), and novels, includingOf Human Bondage (1915), illustrate his economy of expression and masterly storytelling. 毛姆，威（廉）·萨默塞特：(1874-1965) 英国作家，其短篇小说，如“桑普森小姐”(1921年）以及长篇小说《人性的枷锁》 （1915年）等，体现了他简炼的表达方式和高超的叙事技巧 〔law〕The body of principles or precepts held to express the divine will, especially as revealed in the Bible:训诫：用来表示神意愿的一系列法规或概念，尤指体现在《圣经》中的：〔nonrepresentational〕Of, relating to, or being a style of art in which natural objects are not represented realistically; nonobjective.非写实的：属于、关于或是一种自然物体不被实际地体现的艺术形式的；不客观的〔paleontology〕The study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms.古生物学：对出现在史前或地质时代的生命的形成的研究，体现在植物、动物和其它有机体的化石上〔grotesque〕A work of art executed in this style.奇异风格的艺术品：体现奇异风格的艺术品〔incisive〕"Biting remarks revealed her attitude of contempt" (D.H. Lawrence). “讽剌挖苦的话体现了她的轻蔑态度” (D·H·劳伦斯）。 |
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