| 单词 | 作法 |
| 释义 | 〔blond〕It is usual in English to treatblond as if it required gender marking, as in French, spelling itblonde when referring to women and blond elsewhere. But this practice is in fact a relatively recent innovation,and some have suggested that it has sexist implicationsand that the formblond should be used for both sexes. There is certainly a measure of justice to the claim that the two forms are not used symmetrically.Since English does not normally mark adjectives according to the gender of the nouns they modify,it is natural to interpret the final-e as expressing some additional meaning, perhaps because it implies that hair color provides a primary category of classification for women but not men.This association of hair color and a particular perception of feminine identity is suggested in phrasessuch asdumb blonde and Is it true blondes have more fun? or in Susan Brownmiller's depiction of Hollywood's "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women.” The corresponding masculine formblond, by contrast, is not ordinarily used to refer to men in contexts in which hair color is not specifically at issue; there is something arch in a reference toLeslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds. See Usage Note at brunette 在英语中，通常在使用blond 时似乎认为这个词需要性别标志。 正如在法语中，指女性时拼作blonde ，指其他时拼作 blond 。 但这实际上是较新的一种用法，一些人就曾认为这个词本身就带有性别的含义，而且blond 可同时用于两种性别。 两种形式并没有相应地使用的说法是有几分道理。因为英语中通常并不根据形容词修饰的名词的性而加以标明，很自然地就词尾的-e 看作附加的意思的表示， 这也许是由于它暗示头发的颜色是女性而不是男性提供了一个鉴别的首要类型。这种把头发颜色和女性鉴别的特殊方法联系在一起的作法，在如下的一些句子中有所体现，dump blonde（愚蠢的女人） 和 Is it true blondes have more fun?（金发女人真的更有情趣吗?） 或苏珊·布朗米勒的《好莱坞》中的描写的 "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women"（一些曾满足男人的幻想和勾起女人的野心的显赫女明星）。 不同的是相对应的男性的强调形式blond, 在行文中没有特别头发颜色的情况下通常并不专指男性； 如这句说法有调侃的意味的例句Leslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds（莱斯利·霍华德，罗伯特·莱德佛拉和其他著名的金发明星中） 参见 brunette〔toady〕A toady is not a pleasant individual,and the origin of the word makes being a toady even less pleasant.Toady is obviously derived from the word toad. The-y suffix can have diminutive force, and the earliest recorded sense (around 1690) oftoady (now obsolete), "a little or young toad,” illustrates this force. The sense we know has nothing to do with baby toadsbut rather with the practice of certain quacks or charlatans who claimed that they could cast out poison.Toads were thought to be poisonous,so these charlatans would have an attendant eat a toad or pretend to eat oneand then remove the poison from the attendant.Such an attendant is obviously a type of person who would do anything,and thustoadeater (first recorded 1629) was the perfect name for a flattering, fawning parasite. Toadeater and the verb derived from it, toadeat, influenced the sense of the noun and verb toad and the noun toady, so that both nouns could mean "sycophant"and the verbtoady could mean "to act like a toady to someone.” 拍马者并不是一个讨人喜欢的人，这个词的来源使做拍马者这种作法更加不令人喜欢。Toady 很显然是从 toad 这个词衍生而来。 后缀-y 可以有一种指小的效力， Toady 这个词最早有记载(1690年左右）的含义“一只小或幼年蟾蜍”（现已废弃）正说明了这种效力。 我们现在知道的含义与年幼的蟾蜍没有什么关系，而与某些宣称能够驱毒的冒牌医生或江湖郎中的某些做法有关。当时人们认为蟾蜍有毒，所以这些江湖朗中会叫一个手下人吃下一只蟾蜍或假装吃下一只蟾蜍，然后把毒物从他的手下人身体中驱除出去。很明显，这样一个帮手是一种什么事都会做的人，这样，用toadeater （最早记载于1629年）这个词来称呼奉承拍马的寄生者是再合适不过了。 Toadeater 和从它衍生而来的动词 toadeat 影响了作为名词或动词的 toad 和作为名词 toady 的含义， 于是二个名词都可以理解为“拍马者”的意思，而动词toady 有“在某人面前象一个拍马者一样行动”的意思 〔habit〕 Usage refers to customary practice that has become an accepted standard for a groupand thus regulates individual behavior: Usage 是一种已成为被公众接受的群体行为准则，而能约束个人行为的习惯性作法： 〔rote〕Mechanical routine.机械的作法，老一套〔incantation〕A formula used in ritual recitation; a verbal charm or spell.符咒，咒语：作法时用的套话；口头上的符或咒语〔whoredom〕The practice of accepting payment in exchange for sexual relations; prostitution.卖淫：通过发生性关系获取报酬的作法；卖淫〔mimicry〕The act, practice, or art of mimicking.模仿：模仿的行为、作法或艺术〔reformation〕Reformation A 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches. Reformation 宗教改革：16世纪西欧旨在改革罗马天主教某些教义和作法的改革运动，最终造成新教的建立〔toast〕Perhaps from toast 1[from the use of spiced toast to flavor drinks] 可能源自 toast1[由用加了香料的面包片来为酒调味的作法而来] 〔sparing〕These adjectives mean exercising or reflecting care in the use of resources, such as money.这些形容词都含有在使用资源，尤其是金钱时采取的谨慎作法或表现出的谨慎态度。〔Jew〕It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the nounJew, in phrases such as Jew lawyer or Jew ethics, is both offensive and vulgar. In such contextsJewish is the only acceptable possibility. But some people have become so wary of this constructionthat they have overgeneralized the anathema to any use of the noun,a practice that carries risks of its own.In a sentence such asThere are now several Jews on the council, which is unexceptionable, the substitution of a circumlocution likeJewish people or persons of Jewish background may unwittingly suggest an unwarranted and hence suspect delicacy.通常认为名词Jew 用作定语的用法是无礼的和粗俗的，例如 犹太人律师 或 犹太种族 。 在这样的上下文中，Jewish 是唯一可能被接受的。 但一些人对这种构词方式已变得极为小心，以至他们将针对这个名词任何用法上的厌恶过于一般化，这是一种给这个词带来危险的作法。例这句话在现在的内阁里有一些犹太人 就是无懈可击的， 一种迂回的替换说法象犹太人 或 有犹太背景的人 可以无意之中表明这只是一个未证实的事， 因此只是一种微妙的猜测〔augury〕The art, ability, or practice of auguring; divination.占卜仪式：占卜的方式、能力或作法；预言〔progressivism〕The principles and practices of political progressives.进步党人的政见：进步党人的原则和作法〔nouveau〕New and different, often fashionably so:新近到达的，最近产生的：新且不同的，通常指流行地作法：〔erratic〕Deviating from the customary course in conduct or opinion; eccentric:古怪的：在行为与观点上与习惯的作法偏离；偏执的：〔conspiracy〕Machination, usually in the plural,strongly implies crafty, underhand dealing: Machination 常用其复数形式，强调一种诡计多端、偷偷摸摸的作法： 〔symbolism〕The practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships.符号使用，象征使用：用符号来代表事物的方法或赋于物体、事件或关系象征性意义或重要性的作法〔groupthink〕The act or practice of reasoning or decision-making by a group, as by a board of directors or a research team.集体考虑，集体审议：由一个团体，如董事会或研究小组进行讨论或做决定的作法〔engineering〕geopolitical engineering; social engineering.地理政治操作法；社会运作法〔habit〕"situations where the use and wont of their fathers no longer meet their necessities" (J.A. Froude).“他们父辈的习惯性作法无法解决他们的困难情况” （J·A·弗劳德）。〔pretext〕An effort or a strategy intended to conceal something.掩饰，装腔作势：要求掩盖的作法或手段〔wigwag〕The act or practice of wigwagging.摇动，摇摆：摇摆的动作或作法〔perseverance〕 Persistence always implies firm resolvebut may connote an obstinate, annoying quality: Persistence 常表示坚定的作法，但也可能表示固执、令人恼怒的品质： 〔insinuation〕The act, process, or practice of insinuating.含沙射影的行为：影射、讨好的行为，过程或作法〔Bogsat〕"Bogsat is, more often than not, an innocent form of cronyism"(John W. Macy)"Most important decisions are still made by BOGSAT"(Dawn Marie Driscoll)“权宜之计在多数情况下是任人唯亲的无知作法”(约翰W.梅西)“大部分重大决定仍由缺乏经验的人作出的心血来潮的决策”(唐·玛丽·德里斯克尔) |
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