| 单词 | 作者 |
| 释义 | 〔Baker〕American writer. A long-timeNew York Times columnist, he won a Pulitzer Prize in 1979 for distinguished commentary and in 1983 for his autobiography Growing Up. 贝克，拉塞尔·韦恩：(生于 1925) 美国作家，是《纽约时报》 的长期专栏作者，他因杰出的评论文章而获1979年获普利策奖，并因其自传 《成长》 而于1983年再次获此奖 〔Langland〕English poet who is credited with the authorship ofThe Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman, a medieval religious allegory. 朗格兰，威廉：(1332?-1400) 英国诗人，被认为是中古宗教寓言诗《耕者皮尔斯》 的作者 〔psalmist〕A writer or composer of psalms.赞美诗的作者或作曲者〔bibliography〕A list of the works of a specific author or publisher.书目，目录索引：某一作者或出版商的作品目录〔fabulate〕"a land which . . . had given itself up to dreaming, to fabulating, to tale-telling"(Lawrence Durrell)"The[writer's] voice . . . has matured, [has] been brought to a level where it can at once be . . . able to praise and curse, laugh and cry, fabulate and sing and when called upon, take off and soar" (Thomas Pynchon)“一个…已陷入梦幻、虚构、讲述故事的土地”(劳伦斯·达雷尔)“[作者的] 声音…已成熟了， 达到一个水平，它马上就…能赞叹和咒骂，笑和哭，虚构故事和歌唱以及当被号召时，他出发并怒吼” (托马斯·平琼)〔posthumous〕The wordposthumous is associated with death, both in meaning and in form. Our word goes back to the Latin wordpostumus, meaning "last born, born after the death of one's father, born after the making of a will,” and "last, final.”Postumus was largely used with respect to events occurring after death but not exclusively so,since the word was simply one of the superlative forms of the adverbpost, "subsequently, afterward.” Because of its use in connection with death,however, later Latin writers decided that the last part of the word must have to do withhumus, "earth,” or humāre, "to bury,” and began spelling the wordposthumus. This form of the Latin word was borrowed into English,being first recorded in a work composed before 1464.Perhaps the most telling use of the word appears in the poet Robert Southey's comment on the rewards of an author:"It was well we should be contented with posthumous fame, but impossible to be so with posthumous bread and cheese.”Posthumous 这个词在意义和形式上都与死亡有关。 英语中这个词可追溯到拉丁语postumus ， 意为“最后生的，父亲死后生的，立遗嘱之后出生的”和“最后的，最终的。”Postumus 绝大多数情况下用来指死后所发生的事情， 但也并非仅此一种用法，因为这个词只是意为“随后地，后来地”副词post 的最高级形式之一。 由于其用法与死亡有关，因此后来的拉丁语作者们决定该词的后半部分应与humus “土地”或 humare “埋葬”有关， 并开始将这个词拼写成posthumus。 这个拉丁词的拼写形式后来被借用到英语中，在英语中首次记录于1464年前所著的一部作品中。也许这个词最显著的使用出现在诗人罗伯特·骚塞对一个作者所得奖励的评论中：“我们满足于死后得到的声名，而不可能满足于死后所得到面包与奶酪，这样很好”〔direct〕Consisting of the exact words of the writer or speaker:直接的：包括作者或讲话者准确的语句的：〔Yahwist〕The author of the earliest sources of the Hexateuch in which God is called Yahweh.雅威：最早的《旧约全书》首六卷的作者，称上帝为耶和华〔Goethe〕German writer and scientist. A master of poetry, drama, and the novel, he spent 50 years on his two-part dramatic poemFaust (published 1808 and 1832). He also conducted scientific research in various fields, notably botany, and held several governmental positions. 歌德，约翰·沃尔夫贡·冯：(1749-1832) 德国作者和科学家。精通诗歌、歌剧和小说。他花了50年时间写了二部戏剧长诗《浮士德》 （出版于1808年和1832年）。他也致力于各个领域的科学研究，在植物学方面享有盛誉，并在几次政府担任职务 〔Greene〕British writer particularly known for his novels, such asThe Power and the Glory (1940), which reflect his ardent Catholic beliefs. 格林，（亨利）格雷姆：(1904-1991) 英国作家，尤以其表现作者热情的基督教信仰的小说，如《权力和荣耀》 （1940年）而著名 〔Ramayana〕A Sanskrit epic, traditionally attributed to Valmiki, that concerns the banishment of Rama from his kingdom, the abduction of his wife Sita by a demon and her rescue, and Rama's eventual restoration to the throne.罗摩耶那史诗：传统上认为作者是瓦尔米其的梵文史诗，内容关于瓦尔米其从其王国流亡、他的妻子悉达被恶魔诱拐以及被救回、瓦尔米其最后夺回王位〔fortuitous〕In its best-established sense,fortuitous means "happening by accident or chance,” with no implication as to the desirability of the outcome:a fortuitous meeting may have either fortunate or unfortunate consequences. In this century, however, the word is often used with particular reference to happy accidents,as inThe company's third-quarter profits were enhanced as the result of a fortuitous drop in the cost of RAM chips. This use may have arisenbecausefortuitous resembles both fortunate and felicitous; it is well established in the writing of reputable authors.More controversial is the use offortuitous to mean simply "lucky or fortunate,” as inHe came to the Giants in June as the result of a fortuitous trade that sent two minor-league players to the Reds' organization. This use dates back at least to the 1920's,when H.W. Fowler labeled it a malaproprism.It is still widely regarded as incorrect,and writers who are unwilling to risk censure are advised to avoid it.从最公认的意义上说，fortuitous 的意思是“偶然发生的”， 不暗示结果是否称心：临时会议 可以有好或坏的结果。 然而在本世纪这个词常用于专指好的事件，如内存条价格的意外下降导致了公司第三季度利润的增加。 这种用法可能出现，因为fortuitous 类似于 fortunate 和 felicitous； 它用于有名望的作家的写作中。更有争论的用法是fortuitous 的含义为“幸运的或好运的”时， 如一次幸运的送两名小社团的运动员去红色组织的交易使他在六月去了巨人国。 这种用法至少可追溯到20世纪20年代，当时H.W.弗劳尔把它标作一个可笑的用法错误。现在这种用法仍被广泛地认为是错误的，建议不愿冒险受指责的作者避免使用〔fictionist〕A writer of fiction, especially a novelist.小说家：小说的作者，特指长篇小说〔Goodrich〕American publisher and writer of more than 100 moralistic books for children.古德里奇，塞缪尔·格里斯沃尔德：(1793-1860) 美国出版商，100多本儿童道德教育书的作者〔author〕The verbauthor, which had been out of use for a long period, has been rejuvenated in recent years with the sense "to assume responsibility for the content of a published text.” As such it is not quite synonymous with the verbwrite ; one can write, but not author, a love letter or an unpublished manuscript,and the writer who ghostwrites a book for a celebrity cannot be said to have "authored" the creation. The sentenceHe has authored a dozen books on the subject was unacceptable to 74 percent of the Usage Panel, probably because it implies that the fact of having a book published is worthy of special lexical distinction, a notion that sits poorly with conventional literary sensibilities,and which seems to smack of press agentry.The sentenceThe Senator authored a bill limiting uses of desert lands in California was similarly rejected by 64 percent of the Panel, though here the usage is common journalistic practice,and is perhaps justified by the observation that we do not expect that legislators will actually write the bills to which they attach their names. ·The verbcoauthor is well established in reference to scientific and scholarly publications, where it serves a useful purpose,since the people listed as authors of such works routinely include research collaborators who have played no part in the actual writing of the text,but who are nonetheless entitled to credit for the published results.动词author， 很长一段时间不再使用， 近年来又以“对某一出版作品的内容负有责任”的含义重新起用。因此，它已不完全同动词write 同义； 一个人可以写一封求爱信或未出版的草稿，但不是作者，某一人即使雇人写出一篇杰作也不能说是“创作”了作品。对句子他已就这个论题创作了十二部作品 74%的用法专题小组不能接受， 可能因为它暗示着一个事实，即一本已出版的书一定有特别的词汇意义上区别的价值，这是与传统文学观念不太相容的概念，并带有出版机构的意味。此句参议员提出了一个限制使用加利福尼亚地区沙漠土地的议案 ，同样有64%的用法专题小组成员不能接受， 虽然这里这种用法是新闻界实践的惯用。这恐怕是因为我们并不希望立法人员真的是写作一项议案然后在其上署上他们的名字吧。·动词coauthor 是在科学及学术发表论文的意义上建立的， 这里这个词的使用有一个重要意义，因为创作者名单上列出作为这部作品创作者的人通常包括共同研究人员，既使他们实际上并未参加写作，但不可否认地对出版物的结果做出了贡献〔James〕Traditionally regarded as the brother of Jesus, the author of the Epistle of James in the New Testament, and the first bishop of Jerusalem.圣雅各：传统认为是耶稣的兄弟，相传为《新约全书》中的《雅各书》的作者，曾任耶路撒冷第一主教〔vaquero〕Used chiefly in southwest and central Texas to mean a ranch hand or cowboy,the wordvaquero is a direct loan from Spanish; that is, it is spelled and pronounced, even by English speakers, much as it would be in Spanish.In California, however, the same word was Anglicized tobuckaroo. Craig M. Carver, author ofAmerican Regional Dialects, points out that the two words also reflect cultural differences between cattlemen in Texas and California.The Texas vaquero was typically a bachelor who hired on with different outfits,while the California buckaroo usually stayed on the same ranch where he was born or had grown up and raised his own family there.主要用于得克萨斯西南部和中部，指经营牧场的人或牧童，vaquero 这个词是直接从西班牙语引借过来的； 就是说，即使是说英语的人，拼写和发音这个词也按照西班牙语的方式。然而在加利福尼亚同一个单词被英化成buckaroo。 克雷格·M·卡弗尔，美国区域性方言 的作者， 指出这两个词反应出得克萨斯和加利福尼亚两地牧民之间文化上的差异。得克萨斯的牧童特指在不同牧场上雇佣的单身汉，但是加利福尼亚的牧人通常指呆在他出生或长大并建立自己家园的同一牧场上〔Aesop〕Greek fabulist traditionally considered the author ofAesop's Fables, including "The Tortoise and the Hare" and "The Fox and the Grapes.” 伊索：希腊寓言作家，被认为是包括“龟兔赛跑”和“狐狸和葡萄”之《伊索寓言》 的作者 〔writer〕One who writes, especially as an occupation.作家，作者：写作的人，尤指以此为职业者〔packaging〕The manner in which something, such as a proposal or product, or someone, such as a candidate or an author, is presented to the public.包装风格：某物如一建议或产品，或某人，如一候选人或一个作者被展现给公众的方式〔fantasia〕A free composition structured according to the composer's fancy. Also called fantasy 幻想曲：作者想象出的形式自由的乐曲 也作 fantasy〔posthumous〕Published after the writer's death:作者死后出版的：〔preface〕A preliminary statement or essay introducing a book that explains its scope, intention, or background and is usually written by the author.序言：介绍一本书的预备性陈述或散文，用以解释其范围、意图或背景，通常由作者撰写〔immediate〕"It is probable that, apart from the most immediate, pragmatic, technical revisions, the writer's effort to detach himself from his work is quixotic"(Joyce Carol Oates)“除了最当前的、实用的，技术性的修改外，作者使他自己远离作品的努力有可能是不切实际的”(乔伊丝·卡罗尔·奥茨)〔auctorial〕Of or relating to an author.作者的，著作的，作家的：属于或关于作者的〔essayistic〕Of or relating to an essay or a writer of essays.论说文体的，散文的，小品文作者的或与之相关的〔pamphleteer〕A writer of pamphlets or other short works taking a partisan stand on an issue.活页文章作者：在某个问题上支持某个党派的活页文章或其它短作品的作者〔documentarian〕One that makes documentaries or a documentary.记实小说作者，记实电影导演〔evangelist〕Often Evangelist Any one of the authors of the four New Testament gospel books: Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John. 常作 Evangelist 四福音书作者：四福音书的作者之一：马太、马可、路加或约翰〔fair〕American folk speech puts Standard English to shame in its wealth of words for describing weather conditions.When the weather goes from fair to cloudy,New Englanders say that it's "breedin' up a storm" (Maine informant in theLinguistic Atlas of New England ). If the weather is clear, however,a New Englander might call itopen. Southernfair off and fair up, meaning "to become clear,” were originally Northeastern terms and were brought to the South as settlement expanded southward and westward.They are now "regionalized to the South,” according to Craig M. Carver, author ofAmerican Regional Dialects. These phrases may be the origin of modern and less regional coinings,such asmild up, used on a television weather forecast: "The Southwest is beginning to mild up just a tad.”美国方言对天气状况的描写因其应有尽有的单词使标准英语黯然失色。当天气由晴转多云时，新英格兰人会说“孕育着一场暴风雨”（新英格兰语言学图册 的缅因消息提供者）。 但如果天气是无云的，新英格兰人也许会说open。 南部的fair off 和 fair up 所表示的放晴， 起源于东北部词语，后被带到南部成为固定用法并向南向西流传。根据克雷格M·卡弗尔，美国地区方言 的作者所说，它们如今已“被南方地区化了”。 这些词组或许正是现代不再具地区性的词句的起源，例如mild up， 用于电视天气预报： “西南将变得暖和一点”〔McCormick〕British-born American journalist. A foreign correspondent for theNew York Times (1922-1954), she was the first woman to receive a Pulitzer Prize for journalism (1937). 麦考密克，安妮·伊丽莎白·奥哈拉：(1882-1954) 英裔美国新闻作者。作为《纽约时报》 （1922-1954年）的驻外记者，她是第一个获得普利策新闻奖的女性(1937年） 〔Hippocrates〕Greek physician who laid the foundations of scientific medicine by freeing medical study from the constraints of philosophical speculation and superstition. He is traditionally but inaccurately considered the author of the Hippocratic oath.希波克拉底：希腊名医，通过把医学研究从学推断和迷信中解放出来来奠定了科学的医学的基础，传统上认为他是《希波克拉底誓言》的作者，但这一说法不准确〔Knickerbocker〕After Diedrich Knickerbocker , fictitious author of History of New York by Washington Irving 源自德里希 Knickerbocker ， 纽约的历史 的虚构作者，由华盛顿·欧文著 〔demote〕a popular author downgraded by critical opinion to a genre writer;因批评性言论被降为专题作者的知名作家；〔transaction〕"a rich sense of the transaction between writer and reader"(William Zinsser)“作者与读者之间丰富的意识交流”(威廉·津瑟)〔autograph〕A manuscript in the author's handwriting.手稿：作者以手写体写出的草稿〔Meillet〕French linguist and Indo-Europeanist. He was the author of over two dozen books and reference works that are still widely consulted, includingThe Comparative Method in Historical Linguistics (1925). 梅里特，安东尼：法国语言学家及印度欧洲学家，他是超过24本以上书籍及持续广为使用参考作品的作者，包括《历史语言学的比较方法》 （1925年） 〔lyricist〕A writer of song lyrics. Also called lyrist 抒情歌的作者 也作 lyrist〔dramaturge〕A writer or adapter of plays; a playwright.写剧本的人：戏的作者或改编者；剧作家〔Carroll〕American political pamphleteer and adviser who wrote prolifically for anti-Catholic and pro-Union causes. In 1862 she published a pamphlet that outlined what was to become President Abraham Lincoln's constitutional theory concerning the rebellious states.卡洛尔，安娜·埃拉：(1815-1893) 美国政治小册子作者及顾问，为反对天主教和拥护联邦的事业而撰写了大量著作。她于1862年发表了一本小册子，描画了日后成为亚伯拉罕·林肯总统论述叛乱各州的宪法理论的大致轮廓 |
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