| 单词 | 佣人 |
| 释义 | 〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象，再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”（与 mare 的语源相关）和 skalkaz “仆人，佣人”组成的合成词， 字面意思是“马的仆人”，也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领， 不仅如此，在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后，这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代（开始于800年）。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后，古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来（一些著名人士的姓马歇尔，现在的拼写法为Marshall)，但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词，它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年）。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表， 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来，其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长〔servile〕servile tasks such as floor scrubbing and barn work.诸如擦地和侍弄牲口的佣人工作〔ennui〕"The servants relieved their ennui with gambling and gossip about their masters"(John Barth)See Synonyms at boredom “佣人们以赌博和闲话他们的主人来打发他们的百无聊赖”(约翰·巴思) 参见 boredom〔fag〕To function as the servant of another student in a British public school.在英国公立学校做另外一个学生的佣人〔pariah〕In the wordpariah, which can be used for anyone who is a social outcast, independent of social position,we have a reminder of a much more rigid social system,where only certain people could be pariahs.The caste system of India placed members of the pariah caste very low in society;until 1949 they were also known asuntouchables. The wordpariah, however, which we have extended in meaning, came into English from Tamil paṛaiyar, the plural of paṛaiyan, the caste name, which literally means “(hereditary) drummer"and comes from the wordpaṛai, the name of a drum used at certain festivals. The word is first recorded in English in 1613.Its use in English and its extension in use probably owe much to the close relationship that developed between Great Britain and India.Indeed, many of the British servants in India were from the pariah caste.pariah 一词能用于任何一个被社会遗弃的人， 不管他的社会地位如何，在这个词中，对我们有一个更严酷的社会体制的暗示，在这种体制下，仅仅某些特定的人才能成为被社会遗弃的人。印度的社会体制把被遗弃者的社会地位订得很低，直到1949年这些人还仍旧被称作是不可接触者 。 然而，我们已经扩展了含义的pariah 一词从泰米尔语 paraiyar 即 paraiyan 的复数转入英语中来， 字面含义是“（世袭）鼓手”，源于一种特定节日用的鼓名parai 。 1613年这个词首次在英语中有所记录。它在英文中的运用和用法的扩展可能很大程度是由于大不列颠和印度的密切关系。的确，在印度许多英国人的佣人都来自于贱民阶层〔oppose〕"My servants . . . resisted the adoption of this plan" (A.W. Kinglake).“我的佣人们拒绝接受这个计划” (A.W.肯莱克）。〔servile〕Of or suitable to a slave or servant:奴隶的：奴隶的或佣人的：〔menial〕A servant, especially a domestic servant.佣人：仆人，尤指家仆〔ministration〕from minister [servant] * see minister 源自 minister [佣人] * 参见 minister〔service〕The occupation or duties of a servant.仆人的工作：佣人的职业或职务〔upo〕Probably compound*upo-st-o- . ( valet ), ( varlet ), vassal , from Vulgar Latin *vassus , vassal, from Celtic *wasso- , "one who stands under,” servant, young man ( *sto- , standing; see stā- ). 可能是复合词*upo-st-o- . ( valet ), ( varlet ), vassal , 源自 俗拉丁语 *vassus , 随从，部下, 源自 凯尔特语 *wasso- , “附属地站在一旁的人,” 佣人, 年轻男子( *sto- , standing; 参见 stā-). 〔liturgy〕from leitourgos [public servant] 源自 leitourgos [公众的佣人] 〔help〕A person employed to help, especially a farm worker or domestic servant.佣人，雇工：被雇佣来帮忙的人，尤指农场工人或家庭仆役〔servant〕One who is privately employed to perform domestic services.佣人：被私人雇佣以进行家庭服务的人〔footboy〕A youth employed as a servant or page.男仆：被雇为佣人或随从的年轻人〔jack〕One who does odd or heavy jobs; a laborer.佣人，劳工：做零工或重活的人；劳动者〔embassage〕from Latin ambactus [servant] * see ag- 源自 拉丁语 ambactus [佣人] * 参见 ag- 〔pantry〕from panetier [pantry servant] 源自 panetier [备餐佣人] 〔help〕Such employees considered as a group. Often used withthe. 全体雇工（佣人）：被看成一个整体的这些雇工或佣人。通常和the 连用 |
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