| 单词 | 侏儒 |
| 释义 | 〔mannequin〕A department store mannequin is often not a man and often not little,yetmannequin goes back to the Middle Dutch word mannekijn, the diminutive form ofman. Of course we must consider the fact thatman in Dutch, as in English, has often been used to mean "person.” As for the size of a mannequin,the Middle Dutch word could mean "dwarf" but in Modern Dutch developed the specialized sense of "an artist's jointed model.”This was the sense in which we adopted the word (first recorded in 1570),another term likeeasel and landscape that was taken over from the terminology of Dutch painters of the time. The word borrowed from Dutch now has the formmanikin. We later adopted the French version of the Dutch word as well,giving Englishmannequin. Mannequinis considered to be first recorded in a dictionary published from 1730 to 1736 or in 1902,depending on whether one regards early forms showing French influence as variants ofmanikin or as representations of a new word. In any event,mannequin is now the form most commonly encountered and the one commonly used for a department store dummy as well as a live model.一个百货店的时装模特一般不用男子并且也不会太小，但mannequin 一词来源于中世纪时的荷兰语 mannekijn， 是man 的小词形式。 当然，我们应该考虑到在荷兰语和英语中，man 被用来指“一个人”。 至于人体模型的大小，这个中世纪荷兰词语可以表示“侏儒”，但在现代荷兰语中发展出一个特定的意思是“艺术家的关节活动的人体模型”。我们取的就是这个意思（最早记载于1570年），其它如easel 和 landscape 也是从当时荷兰画家所用术语中搬过来的。 从荷兰语来的这个词今天的形式是manikin 。 我们后来又接受了这个荷兰词的法语变体，英语词是manneqin 。 Mannequin一般认为最早记载于一本字典中， 出版于1730-1736年间或1902年，主要看是把该词的较早的形式看作是用法语影响的manikin 一词的变体还是看作是一个新词。 不论如何，mannequin 一词现在已经是最为常见的形式了， 通常用来表示百货商店里的人体模型或真人模特〔Lagerkvist〕Swedish writer whose novels, includingThe Hangman (1933) and The Dwarf (1944), explore morality and the search for belief. He won the 1951 Nobel Prize for literature. 拉格尔克维斯特，派尔·法比安：(1891-1974) 瑞典作家，其小说包括《刽子手》 （1933年）和 《侏儒》 （1944年），主要探索道德和追求信念。1951年他获得诺贝尔文学奖 〔nanism〕from Latin nānus [dwarf] 源自 拉丁语 nānus [侏儒] 〔infantilism〕A state of arrested development in an adult, characterized by retention of infantile mentality, accompanied by stunted growth and sexual immaturity, and often by dwarfism.幼稚病：一种出现于成年人当中的发育停滞的状态，其特点是思维幼稚，伴有发育不良和性方面的不成熟，还有侏儒现象发生〔manikin〕A man short in stature.侏儒：身材矮的人〔troll〕A supernatural creature of Scandinavian folklore, variously portrayed as a friendly or mischievous dwarf or as a giant, that lives in caves, in the hills, or under bridges.巨人，巨怪：斯堪的那维亚民间传说中的超自然的生物，时而被描述成友好的或顽皮的侏儒，时而被描述成巨人，居住在山洞里、小山上或桥下〔Nibelung〕Any of a race of subterranean dwarfs whose hoard of riches and magic ring were taken from them by Siegfried.地下侏儒族，雾童族人：地下侏儒种的一员，他们所积财富和法魔戒指被西格弗理德抢走了〔gremlin〕Elves, goblins, and trolls seem to be the timeless creations of the distant past,but gremlins were born in the 20th century.In fact,gremlin is first recorded only in the 1920's, as a Royal Air Force term for a low-ranking officer or enlisted man saddled with oppressive assignments. Said to have been invented by members of the Royal Naval Air Service in World War I,gremlin is used in works written in the 1940's for "an imaginary gnomelike creature who causes difficulties in aircraft.”The word seems likely to have been influenced bygoblin, but accounts of its origin are various and none are certain.One source calls in Fremlin beer bottles to explain the word;another, the Irish Gaelic wordgruaimín, "ill-humored little fellow.” Whatever the word's origin,it is certain that gremlins have taken on a life of their own.小精灵、小妖怪和侏儒似乎很久以前就被创造出来而且流传至今，而小妖精一词则是20世纪的产物。事实上，gremlin 在20世纪20年代首次被记录下来时为皇家空军对一个承受严酷任务的低级军官或征召者的称呼。 据说这是在第一次世界大战中由皇家空军的成员创造出来的。1904年，gremlin 被用在书面的作品中， 意为“一种想象中的在飞机上制造麻烦的小生物。”这个词看起来很有可能受了goblin 一词的影响， 但对其词源说法不一，莫衷一是。一种说法用弗来姆林啤酒瓶来解释这一词；而另一种认为爱尔兰凯尔特语词汇gruaimin 意为“坏脾气的小家伙”为其词源。 不管源自何处，有一点是肯定的，小妖精自身有其生命力 |
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