| 单词 | 依次 |
| 释义 | 〔taxi〕"Taxi" is much easier to yell into the traffic thantaximeter cabriolet, the form from which taxi has ultimately been shortened. Taximeter comes from the French word taximètre, ultimately derived from Medieval Latintaxāre, "to tax,” and the French combining form -metre. Taximètre originally meant, as did its English companion, "a device for measuring distance traveled,” but this device was soon adapted to measure waiting time and compute and indicate the fare as well.Taximeter, first recorded in English in 1898 (an earlier form, taxameter, borrowed through French from German, was recorded in 1894), joined forces withcab, a shortening (1827) of cabriolet, "a two-wheeled, one-horse carriage.” This word, first found in English in 1766,came from Frenchcabriolet, of the same meaning, which in turn was derived fromcabriole, "caper,” because the vehicle moves along with a springing motion.Cab, the shortened form, was applied to other vehicles as well, including eventually public conveyances.Fitted with a taximeter, such a vehicle,first horse-drawn and then motorized,was known as ataxameter cab (1899), a taximeter cab (1907), and a taxicab (1907), among other names, includingtaxi (1907), a shortening of eithertaximeter or taxicab. Interestingly enough,the fullest form possible,taximeter cabriolet, is not recorded until 1959."Taxi"比taximeter cabriolet （最终缩写成 taxi 的形式）更容易在交通中叫出。 Taximeter 来源于法语 taximètre ， 它最早来自中世纪拉丁文taxare （“征税”）和法语复合形式 -metre。 Taximètre（与它的英语同伴一样，最初意为“测量行驶距离的设备”）， 这一设备很快适合于测量等待时间并计算和显示车费。Taximeter 在英语中首次记载于1898年（更早的形式 taxameter 是从德语通过法语借来的，记载于1894年）， 同cabriolet （“一种双轮双马马车”）的缩写形式(1827年） cab 结合。 这一单词最早于1766年在英语中发现，来源于具有同一种意思的法语cabriolet ， 它依次来源于cabride （“跳跃”）， 因为这种车辆移动时有跳跃的运动；缩写形式cab 还可以适用于其它的车辆， 包括最终的公共运输工具；被安装了自动计费器的车辆，开始是马拉的，后来装上马达，被称作taxameter cab (1899年）、 taximeter cab (1907年）和 taxicab (1901年）。 在其它的名称中包括taxi (1907年）， 它是taximeter 或 taxicab 的缩写形式。 非常有趣的是，可能是最全的形式的taximeter cabriolet ， 直到1959年才有记载〔kipper〕To prepare (fish) by splitting, salting, and smoking.腌熏：依次用剖切、盐腌和烟熏等方法进行准备〔alligator〕InThe Travailes of an Englishman, published in 1568, Job Hortop says that "in this river we killed a monstrous Lagarto or Crocodile.”This killing gives rise to the first recorded instance ofalligator in English, obviously in a different form from the one familiar to modern speakers.Alligator, which comes to us from Spanish el lagarto, "the lizard,” was modified in pronunciation and form in several ways before taking on the formalligator. Such changes, referred to by linguists as taboo deformation,are not uncommon in a name for something that is feared and include,for example, the change in sequence of ther and t that occurred between el lagarto and alligator. An interesting parallel case iscrocodile, which appears in Spanish, for example, ascocodrilo, with a similar difference in the sequence of the r. The earliest recorded form ofalligator that is similar to ours appears in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (First Folio, 1623): "In his needie shop a tortoyrs hung,/An Allegater stuft.”在出版于1568年的英国人的劳作 一书中， 约伯·霍特普说“在这条河里我们杀死过一只巨大的蜥蜴或鳄鱼。”这次捕杀导致alligator 作为首次载入英语的实例， 和现代人所熟悉的词形明显不同。Alligator 来源于西班牙语 ellagarto， 意思是“蜥蜴，” 在采用alligator 这个词之前，其发音和词形经过了好几种变化。 这些变化，语言学家们称作禁忌变形，在人们惧怕的某种事物的名称里是常见的，而且还包括r 和 t 在以下两个单词 ellagarto 和 alligator 间依次的变化。 一个同样有趣的例子是crocodile， 在西班牙语里是cocodrilo， 区别在于排列顺序不同的 r 上。 最早记载的alligator 其词形接近我们所使用的词形，出现于莎士比亚的 罗密欧与朱丽叶 中，（1623年第一版对开本）： “在他的日用品店中挂着一个玩具，一只布做的鳄鱼。”〔apartheid〕Although South Africa has not furnished a great number of words that have achieved general currency in British and American English,one in particular,apartheid, has gained wide circulation. The first recorded use ofapartheid as an English term, in the Cape Times on October 24, 1947, is an ironic commentary on much of the word's use since then: "Mr. Hofmeyr said apartheid could not be reconciled with a policy of progress and prosperity for South Africa.” According to the March 15, 1961, issue of theLondon Times, the wordself-development was supposed to replace apartheid as the official term used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation for "the Government's race policies. ” And inMove Your Shadow, published in 1985, Joseph Lelyveld says that the "word is [now] shunned, even resented by the [National Party's] high priests as if it were an epithet fashioned by the country's enemies.” Butapartheid as a word and as a reality has been slow to disappear. The history ofapartheid, however, offers a possible model for change in this policy, for the word is an example of a mixture and combination of resources, in this case linguistic.Apartheid is an English word that came into South African English from Afrikaans, the language of the Dutch settlers of South Africa. They in turn had made up the word from the Dutch wordapart, "separate,” and the suffix -heid, which corresponds to our suffix -hood. Thusapartheid literally means "separateness.” The Dutch had earlier borrowed the wordapart, as did we, from the French phrase à part, meaning "to one side.” 尽管南非并没有向英国和美国英语里加入很多得以普遍使用的词汇，但尚有一例外，apartheid 这个词就得到了普遍应用。 apartheid 一词作为英语词汇的使用最早记录于1947年10月24日的 开普时报 上，从那时起对该词的使用就作了反讽式的评论： “霍夫梅伊先生说种族隔离制不能与南非进步及繁荣的政策相容。”根据1961年3月15日的一期伦敦时报 ， 南非广播公司试图以self-development 作为官方用语来代替 apartheid 表示“政府的种族政策”。 在1985年出版的移动你的影子 中，约瑟夫·莱莉瓦德说“这个词为高级牧师们所回避甚至痛恨， 似乎它是这个国家的敌人创造出来的修饰语。”但apartheid 作为词汇和作为现实存在消失得很慢。 然而apartheid 的历史为这种政策的变化提供了一个可能的模式， 因为这个词是语言学方面各种来源混合及联合的一个例子。Apartheid 是从南非的荷兰殖民者的语言进入南非英语的一个英语词汇。 依次由荷兰词apart “分隔”，和后缀 -heid （其与后缀 -hood 相对应）构成。 这样，apartheid 可逐字译为“分隔，隔离。” 荷兰人较早地借用了apart 一词，就如我们从法语里借用了意为“到一边”的 a part 一样 〔heir〕A person who succeeds or is in line to succeed to a hereditary rank, title, or office.继承者，后继者，承袭者：承袭或依次即将承袭一个可世袭的官阶、头衔或职位的人〔exorcise〕An oath is to be found at the etymological heart ofexorcise, a term going back to the Greek wordexorkizein, meaning "to swear in,” "to take an oath by,” "to conjure,” and "to exorcise.” Exorkizein in turn is formed from the prefixex-, "thoroughly,” and the verb horkizein, "to make one swear, administer an oath to,” derived from horkos, "oath.” Our wordexorcise is first recorded in English in a work composed possibly before the beginning of the 15th century, and in this useexorcise means "to call up or conjure spirits" rather than "to drive out spirits,” a sense first recorded in 1546.誓言在语源学中是exorcise 的基本意思， 而这个词又可以追溯到希腊语exorkizein， 后者意味着“宣誓”、“发誓”、“恳求”和“驱赶”。 Exorkizein 依次由含有“完全地”这个意思的前缀ex- 和含有“使发誓，在誓言约束下”这个意思的动词 horkizein 构成，后者源自 horkos “誓言”。 我们现在用的exorcise 最早在英文中的记录出自一本可能早于15世纪初写的一本著作中。 在当时，exorcise 通常意味着“召回灵魂”， 而不是1546年才最早记录到的“驱赶鬼魂”这个含义〔movie〕A sequence of photographs projected onto a screen with sufficient rapidity as to create the illusion of motion and continuity.电影：一组连续的照片被投影到屏幕上并以极快的速度依次放映使之产生连续性和动态的视觉〔proceed〕To move on in an orderly manner:依次进行下去：〔jackstraw〕jackstraws (used with a sing. verb)A game played with a pile of straws or thin sticks, with the players attempting in turn to remove a single stick without disturbing the others. jackstraws （与单数动词连用）跳棒游戏：一种游戏，将很多草或细棍放在一起，游戏者依次地试着每次拣起一根，不得触动其它〔pad〕A number of sheets of paper of the same size stacked one on top of the other and glued together at one end; a tablet.拍纸簿：一些依次叠放起来并在一端粘住的大小相等的纸；便笺簿〔seriatim〕One after another; in a series.依次地：一个接一个地；连续地〔itemize〕To set down item by item; list.逐条记载，详细登录：一条一条依次记录；记录入表〔announce〕The injunction not to shoot the messenger could as well be not to shoot the announcer, given the etymology of the wordannounce. First recorded in English before 1500 in the sense "to proclaim, make known,”announce came into English via Old French from Latin. The Latin sourceannūntiāre is made up of the directional prefix ad- and the verb nūntiāre, "to bring word of a fact or occurrence.” This verb is in turn derived from the nounnūntium, "a message,” which also yieldednūntius, "a messenger.” 不准枪毙使者的禁令也意味着不准枪毙公告人，给出了announce 这个词的词源。 1500年之前该词以“宣布，告知”的意思第一次出现在英语里，announce 通过拉丁语中的古法语进入英语。 拉丁词annuntiare 由指示性前缀 ad- 和动词 nuntiare “提到一个事实或事件”组成。 这个动词依次由名词nuntium “消息”派生而来， 也可作nuntius 的意思是“使者，送信人” 〔spell〕To name or write in order the letters constituting (a word or part of a word).拼写：依次说出或写出组成（一个字或字的一部分）的字母〔Kleve〕A city of west-central Germany west-southwest of Münster. It was the seat of a historical duchy and passed subsequently to Brandenburg, Prussia, France, and Prussia again. Population, 44,223.克莱沃：德国中西部一城市，位于蒙斯特西南偏西。它曾是历史上一个公爵领地的所在地，后来依次让给勃兰登堡、普鲁士和法国，后又让给普鲁士。人口44,223〔turn〕In the proper order or sequence.依次地，轮流地〔turn〕One of a series of such opportunities accorded people in succession or in scheduled order:次序：依次轮流或按时间表的顺序排列的一系列机会中的一次：〔fey〕The history of the wordsfey and fay illustrates a rather fey coincidence. Our wordfay, "fairy, elf,” the descendant of Middle Englishfaie, "a person or place possessed of magical properties,” and first recorded around 1390,goes back to Old Frenchfae, "fairy,” the same word that has given usfairy. Fae in turn comes from Vulgar LatinFāta, "the goddess of fate,” from Latin fātum, "fate.” Iffay goes back to fate, so doesfey in a manner of speaking, for its Old English ancestorfǣge meant "fated to die.” The sense we are more familiar with, "magical or fairylike in quality,”seems to have arisen partly because of the resemblance in sound betweenfay and fey. fey 和 fay 两词的历史展示了一个十分奇特的巧合。 我们现在所使用的词fay, “神仙，小精灵，” 是中古英语faie, “具有魔力的人或地方”的派生词， 它首次记载于约1390年左右，回溯到古法语fae “神仙”， 这一词产生了我们现在的fairy。 Fae 依次产生于俗拉丁语Fata, “命运女神，”和拉丁语 fatum， “命运。” 如果fay 回到命运的意思， 可以说fey 也是如此， 因为其古英语原形f?ge 的意思即为“注定死亡。” 我们现在更熟悉的意思“性质上具有魔力的或似神仙的”，似乎部分是由于fay 和 fey 在读音上的相似而产生的 〔stack〕A stackup.分层盘旋：飞机等待依次着陆时的定高分层盘旋〔excursion〕A movement from and back to a mean position or axis in an oscillating or alternating motion.移动：从中间位置或轴线向外或向后的振荡或依次的运动〔rebellion〕The 20th century has seen several major revolutions, which in turn have altered the balance of power among nations.20世纪发生了几次大革命，它们依次改变了国家之间的力量平衡。 |
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